Rfid based toll tax collection system 3 (repaired)

RFID Based Toll Tax Collection System 100630111081
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RFID BASED TOLL TAX COLLECTION SYSTEM
By
Patel Krishna Pradipkumar (100630111081)
Guided By
Asst. Prof. Dhara Patel
A Project Report Submitted to
Gujarat Technological University
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering
in Electronics & Communication
May-2014
Madhuben & Bhanubhai Patel Women’s Institute Of Engineering
For Studies & Research In Computer & Communication
Technology
New Vallabh Vidhyanagar,
Vitthal Udhyognagar
Anand, Gujarat-388121

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Madhuben & Bhanubhai Patel Women’s Institute of Engineering
For Studies & Research in Computer & Communication
Technology
Electronics & Communication
2014
CERTIFICATE
Date:
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “RFID BASED TOLL TAX
COLLECTION SYSTEM” has been carried out by KRISHNA PATEL under
my guidance in fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering In
Electronics & Communication Engineering (8th Semester) of Gujarat
Technological University, Ahmedabad during the academic year 2013-14.
Internal Guide Head of the Department
Asst. Prof. Dhara Patel Prof. Vipul Dabhi

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DECLARATION
I hereby certify that I am the sole author of this report and that neither any part of this
work nor the whole of the work has been submitted for a degree to any other University or
Institution.
I certify that, to the best of my knowledge, my work does not infringe upon anyone’s
copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques, quotations, or any
other material from the work of other people included in my report, published or otherwise,
are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to
the extent that I have included copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fair dealing
within the meaning of the Indian Copyright Act, I certify that I have obtained a written
permission from the copyright owner(s) to include such material(s) in my work and have
included copies of such copyright clearances to my appendix.
I declare that this is a true copy of my report, including any final revisions, as approved
by my supervisor.
Date: 09/05/2014
Place: New V.V.Nagar
PATEL KRISHNA PRADIPKUMAR

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Behind every achievement there lies an unfathomable sea of gratitude to those who activated
it, without whom it would never ever come into existence. To them, lay the words of gratitude
imprinted within.
A report is all-encompassing as this is never the work of one or two people labouring in quiet
solitude. It is the product of many hands, and countless hours from many people. Our thanks
go to all those who helped me in this Project.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Head of the EC Department Prof. Vipul
Dabhi and all faculty members who helped me throughout my studies.
And my deepest and sincere thanks go to my guide Prof. Dhara Patel for her extensive
guidance, encouragement, immense help and cooperation throughout.
Krishna Patel (100630111081)
B.E. (EC)

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Table of Contents
Chapter
No.
Title Page
No.
Certificate I
Declaration II
Acknowledgement III
Table of Contents IV
List Of Figures VI
List Of Tables VII
Abstract VIII
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Definition 1
1.2 Brief overview 1
1.2.1 Scope & Objective 1
1.2.2 Purpose 1
1.2.3 Problem Summary 2
1.3 History 2
1.3.1 AVR 2
1.3.2 RFID 2
Chapter 2 Speculative Analysis 3
2.1 AVR Microcontroller 3
2.1.1 Types of Microcontrollers 6
2.1.2 RISC & CISC 6
2.1.3 Serial Communication USART 8
2.2 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification & Detection) 11
2.2.1 What is RFID 12
2.2.2 Working 12
2.2.3 RFID Readers 13
2.2.3.1 Block Diagram 14
2.2.3.2 Detailed Description 15
2.2.4 RFID Tags 15
2.2.4.1 Types of RFID Tags 16
2.2.5 Differences 18
2.2.5.1 Active & Passive Tags 18
2.2.5.2 RFID Readers & IR Sensors 18
2.2.5.3 RFID Readers & Barcode Readers 19
Chapter 3 Evolution Of Project 20
3.1 Block Diagram Of the Project 20
3.1.1 Description 20
3.1.2 Data Flow Diagram 22

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3.2 Components Used 22
3.2.1 ATMega16 Microcontroller 22
3.2.1.1 Architecture 23
3.2.1.2 Pin Diagram 25
3.2.1.3 Pin Description 25
3.2.2 LCD 28
3.2.3 DC Motor 30
3.2.4 7805 Voltage Regulator 31
3.2.5 RFID Reader 32
3.2.6 RFID Tags 33
3.2.7 L293 IC 34
3.2.7.1 Pin Diagram of L293 34
3.2.7.2 Description of L293 34
3.3 Schematic Diagram 36
Chapter 4 Software Requirement Specification 38
4.1 AVR Studio 38
4.2 Proteus Simulator 41
4.2.1 Simulation of Project 42
Chapter 5 Hardware of Project 47
Chapter 6 Result & Conclusion 49
6.1 Result 49
6.2 Enhancements 49
6.3 Conclusion 50
References 51

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List of Figures
Fig No. Title Page no.
2.1 Block diagram of AVR 3
2.2 Architecture of AVR 5
2.3 RFID Working 13
2.4 Block Diagram of RFID Reader 14
3.1 Block Diagram of Project 20
3.2 Data Flow Chart 22
3.3 Block Diagram of AVR for ATmega16 24
3.4 Pin Diagram of ATmega16 25
3.5 LCD Pin Diagram 29
3.6 DC Motor 30
3.7 Motor Structure 31
3.8 Pin Diagram of 7805 32
3.9 Pin Diagram of L293 IC 34
3.10 Schematic of L293 IC 35
3.11 Circuit Diagram of the project 36
3.12 Switch Symbols Pin Diagram 37

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List of Tables
Table No. Name Page No.
2.1 Categories of AVR 4
2.2 Difference Between Microcontrollers 6
2.3 RISC v/s CISC Comparison 7
2.4 Active v/s Passive Tags 18
2.5 RFID Readers v/s IR Sensors 18
2.6 RFID v/s Barcode Readers 19
3.1 ATmega16 Pin Configuration 26
3.2 LCD Pin Description 29
3.3 7805 Pin Description 32

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Abstract
The RFID tag is used as a unique identity for account of a particular user. In beginning, the
user is prompted to scan his tag or ID. The serial code of the tag is identified by the reader
module and is sent to ATmega16 for comparison with stored data. If the identity (serial
number of the tag, i.e., 12 byte data) is matched with the one already stored in the system, the
toll amount is deducted from his account and user gets to drive through the plaza.
On the contrary, if the tag is not identified, a message (‘Wrong ID’) is displayed on the LCD
screen. The system also shows ‘Error’ if the tags do not match during verification. If balance
in user’s account is low, then a message is displayed on LCD screen (‘Wrong ID Please Pay in
Cash’) and the user needs to get recharged the RFID card afterwards.

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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Definition
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on
storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. This
project focuses on an electronic toll collection (ETC) system using Radio frequency
identification (RFID) technology. The RFID system uses tags, through which information
embedded on the tags are read by RFID readers. The proposed system eliminates the need for
motorists and toll authorities to manually perform ticket payments and toll fee collections,
respectively.
1.2 Brief Overview
1.2.1 Scope & Objective
A radio-frequency identification system uses tags, or labels attached to the objects to be
identified. Two-way radio transmitter-receivers called interrogators or readers send a signal to
the tag and read its response.
Here Basic idea is to develop the automatic challan system that can check for signal break by
any vehicle. The RFID Reader reads the information like vehicles no. and automatically send a
report to the owner of vehicles and simultaneously an information is given on the site itself
through LCD.
1.2.2 Purpose
storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. The
technology requires some extent of cooperation of an RFID reader and an RFID tag. An RFID
tag is an object that can be applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the
purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be read from several
meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader.
Purpose of Radio frequency Identification and Detection system is to facilitate data
transmission through the portable device known as tag that is read with the help of RFID
reader; and process it as per the needs of an application. Information transmitted with the help

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of tag offers location or identification along with other specifics of product tagged – purchase
date, colour, and price. Typical RFID tag includes microchip with radio antenna, mounted on
substrate.
The RFID tags are configured to respond and receive signals from an RFID transceiver. This
allows tags to be read from a distance, unlike other forms of authentication technology. The
RFID system has gained wide acceptance in businesses, and is gradually replacing the barcode
system.
1.2.3 Problem Summary
Makes traveling more convenient, reduces travel times especially during festive seasons when
traffic tends to be heavier than normal. Saves fuel and thus increases fuel economy. Reduces
auto emissions. Reduces wait time at toll booths. Increase highway capacity. Processes 250 –
300% more vehicles per lane, reducing delays and traffic congestion. Easy mounting, easy to
operate (user friendly).
1.3 History
1.3.1 AVR
AVR was developed in the year 1996 by Atmel Corporation. The architecture of AVR was
developed by Alif Egil, Bogen Vegard, Wollan RISC microcontroller, also known as
Advanced Virtual RISC. The AT90S8515 was the first microcontroller which was based on
AVR architecture. However the first microcontroller to hit the commercial market was
AT90S1200 in the year 1997.
1.3.2 RFID
The early 20th century saw the beginning of modern radio communication. The convergence
of radar with the ability to broadcast radio led to the idea for Radio Frequency Identification.
Even though one of the first papers exploring RFID was written in 1948, it would take the
development of other technologies before RFID could become practical. One of the first
commercial was Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS) as a way to curtail theft. The possibility
of using RFID as a tracking device led many companies to build systems for this purpose. The
desire by highway transportation authorities to see traffic move quicker through toll booths
saw the invention of electronic toll collection systems and the need to limited access to certain
areas also drove the development of RFID. Radio Frequency identification (RFID) is a
contactless form of automatic identification and data capture. RFID first appeared in tracking
and access applications during the 1980s.

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Chapter 2: Speculative Analysis
2.1 AVR Microcontroller
Microcontroller: Microcontroller can be termed as a single on chip computer which includes
number of peripherals like RAM, EEPROM, Timers etc., required to perform some predefined
task.
Fig 2.1 Block Diagram of AVR
The computer on one hand is designed to perform all the general purpose tasks on a single
machine like you can use a computer to run a software to perform calculations or you can use
a computer to store some multimedia file or to access internet through the browser, whereas
the microcontrollers are meant to perform only the specific tasks, for e.g., switching the AC
off automatically when room temperature drops to a certain defined limit and again turning it
ON when temperature rises above the defined limit.
There are number of popular families of microcontrollers which are used in different
applications as per their capability and feasibility to perform the desired task, most common of
these are 8051, AVR and PIC microcontrollers. In this article we will introduce you
with AVR family of microcontrollers.
The CPU takes values from two input registers INPUT-1 and INPUT-2, performs the logical
operation and stores the value into the OUTPUT register. All this happens in 1 execution
cycle.

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Some of the features of Atmega16 are:
16KB of Flash memory
1KB of SRAM
512 Bytes of EEPROM
Available in 40-Pin DIP
8-Channel 10-bit ADC
Two 8-bit Timers/Counters
One 16-bit Timer/Counter
4 PWM Channels
In System Programmer (ISP)
Serial USART
SPI Interface
Digital to Analog Comparator.
AVR microcontrollers are available in three categories:
Tiny AVR – Less memory, small size, suitable only for simpler applications
Mega AVR – These are the most popular ones having good amount of memory (upto
256 KB), higher number of inbuilt peripherals and suitable for moderate to complex
applications.
Xmega AVR – Used commercially for complex applications, which require large program
memory and high speed.
The following table compares the above mentioned AVR series of microcontrollers:
Table 2.1 Categories of AVR
Series Name Pins Flash Memory Special Feature
Tiny AVR 6-32 0.5-8 KB Small in size
Mega AVR 28-100 4-256 KB Extended peripherals
Xmega AVR 44-100 16-384 KB DMA, Event System
included
IMPORTANCE OF AVR
What’s special about AVR?
They are fast. AVR microcontroller executes most of the instructions in single execution
cycle. AVRs are about 4 times faster than PICs, they consume less power and can be operated
in different power saving modes.

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Architecture of AVR
The AVR microcontrollers are based on the advanced RISC architecture and consist of 32 x
8-bit general purpose working registers. Within one single clock cycle, AVR can take inputs
from two general purpose registers and put them to ALU for carrying out the requested
operation, and transfer back the result to an arbitrary register. The ALU can perform
arithmetic as well as logical operations over the inputs from the register or between the
register and a constant. Single register operations like taking a complement can also be
executed in ALU. We can see that AVR does not have any register like accumulator as in
8051 family of microcontrollers; the operations can be performed between any of the registers
and can be stored in either of them.
AVR follows Harvard Architecture format in which the processor is equipped with separate
memories and buses for Program and the Data information. Here while an instruction is being
executed, the next instruction is pre-fetched from the program memory.
Fig 2.2 Architecture of AVR
Since AVR can perform single cycle execution, it means that AVR can execute 1 million
instructions per second if cycle frequency is 1MHz. The higher is the operating frequency of
the controller, the higher will be its processing speed. We need to optimize the power
consumption with processing speed and hence need to select the operating frequency
accordingly.

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2.1.1 Types of microcontrollers
Table 2.2 Difference between Microcontrollers
8051 PIC AVR
SPEED Slow Moderate Fast
MEMORY Small Large Large
ARCHITECHTURE CISC RISC RISC
ADC Not Present Inbuilt Inbuilt
Timers Inbuilt Inbuilt Inbuilt
PWM Channels Not Present Inbuilt Inbuilt
Instruction Set: It is a group of instructions that can be given to the computer. These
instructions direct the computer in terms of data manipulation. A typical instruction consists of
two parts, Opcode and Operand. Opcode or operational code is the instruction applied. It can
be loading data, storing data etc. Operand is the memory register or data upon which
instruction is applied.
Addressing Modes: Addressing modes are the manner in the data is accessed. Depending
upon the type of instruction applied, addressing modes are of various types such as direct
mode where straight data is accessed or indirect mode where the location of the data is
accessed. Processors having identical ISA may be very different in organization. Processors
with identical ISA and nearly identical organization are still not nearly identical.
CPU performance is given by the fundamental law:
Thus, CPU performance is dependent upon Instruction Count, CPI (Cycles per instruction)
and Clock cycle time. And all three are affected by the instruction set architecture.
2.1.2 RISC & CISC
There are two prevalent instruction set architectures:
Complex Instruction Set Architecture (CISC): The CISC approach attempts to minimize
the number of instructions per program, sacrificing the number of cycles per instruction.

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Reduced Instruction Set Architecture (RISC): RISC does the opposite, reducing the cycles
per instruction at the cost of the number of instructions per program.
PIPELINING-UNIQUE FEATURE OF RISC
Typically, after the execution of one instruction is over, execution of next instruction starts.
But, processors which support pipelining, the instruction execution time is divided in several
stages (machine cycles). As soon as processing of one stage is finished, the machine proceeds
with executing the second stage. However, when the stage becomes free it is used to execute
the same operation that belongs to the next instruction. The operation of the instructions is
performed in a pipeline fashion, similar to the assembly line in the factory process. An example
of five pipeline stage is shown below:
By overlapping the execution of several instructions in a pipeline fashion, RISC achieves its
inherent execution parallelism which is responsible for the performance advantage over the
Complex Instruction Set Architectures (CISC).
Table 2.3 RISC V/S CISC – Comparison
CISC RISC
Emphasis on hardware Emphasis on software
Includes multi-clock complex instructions Single-clock, reduced instruction only
Memory-to-memory:
“LOAD” and “STORE” incorporated in
Instructions
Register-to-register:
“LOAD” and “STORE” are independent
instructions
Small code sizes, high cycles per second Low cycles per second, large code Sizes
Transistors used for storing complex
Instructions
Spends more transistors on memory registers

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2.1.3 Serial Communication USART
USART Registers
Atmega16 USART has following features:
Different Baud Rates.
Variable data size with options ranging from 5bits to 9bits.
One or two stop bits.
Hardware generated parity check.
USART can be configured to operate in synchronous mode.
Three separate interrupts for RX Complete, TX complete and TX data register empty.
To use the USART of Atmega16, certain registers need to be configured.
UCSR: USART control and status register. It’s is basically divided into three parts UCSRA,
UCSRB and UCSRC. These registers are basically used to configure the USART.
UBRR: USART Baud Rate Registers. Basically use to set the baud rate of USART
UDR: USART data register.
1.) UCSRA: (USART Control and Status Register A)
Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0
RXC TXC UDRE FE DOR PE U2X MPCM
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
RXC (USART Receive Complete): RXC flag is set to 1 if unread data exists in receive
buffer, and set to 0 if receive buffer is empty.
TXC (USART Transmit complete): TXC flag is set to 1 when data is completely
transmitted to Transmit shift register and no data is present in the buffer register UDR.
UDRE (USART Data Register Empty): This flag is set to logic 1 when the transmit buffer
is empty, indicating it is ready to receive new data.
UDRE bit is cleared by writing to the UDR register.
2.) UCSRB: (USART Control and Status Register B)
RXCIE TXCIE UDRIE RXEN TXEN UCSZ2 RXB8 TXB8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
RXCIE: RX Complete Interrupt Enable
When 1 -> RX complete interrupt is enabled.

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When 0 -> RX complete interrupt is disabled.
TXCIE: TX Complete Interrupt Enable
When 1 -> TX complete interrupt is enabled.
When 0 -> TX complete interrupt is disabled.
UDRIE: USART Data Register Empty Interrupt Enable
When 1 -> UDRE flag interrupt is enabled.
When 0 -> UDRE flag interrupt is disabled.
RXEN: Receiver Enabled,
When 1 -> USART Receiver is enabled.
When 0 -> USART Receiver is disabled.
TXEN: Transmitter Enabled,
When 1 -> USART Transmitter is enabled.
When 0 -> USART Transmitter is disabled.
3.) UCSRC (USART Control & Status Registers C)
URSEL UMSEL UPM1 UPM0 USBS UCSZ1 UCSZ0 UCPOL
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Parity Bits
00 - Parity Mode Disabled 10 - Even Parity
01 - Reserved 11 - Odd Parity
URSEL: USART Register select. This bit must be set due to sharing of I/O location by
UBRRH and UCSRC.
UMSEL: USART Mode Select
When 1 -> Synchronous Operation
When 0 -> Asynchronous Operation
UPM[0:1]: USART Parity Mode, Parity mode selection bits.
USBS: USART Stop Select Bit,
When 0 -> 1 Stop Bit
When 1 -> 2 Stop Bits
UCSZ[0:1]: The UCSZ[1:0] bits combined with the UCSZ2 bit in UCSRB sets size of data
frame i.e., the number of data bits. The table shows the bit combinations with
respective character size.

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4.) UDR: (USART Data Register)
UDR(Read) RXB7 RXB6 RXB5 RXB4 RXB3 RXB2 RXB1 RXB0
UDR(Write) TXB7 TXB6 TXB5 TXB4 TXB3 TXB2 TXB1 TXB0
The USART Data receive and data transmit buffer registers share the same address referred as
USART UDR register, when data is written to the register it is written in transmit data buffer
register (TXB). Received data is read from the Receive data buffer register (RXB).
5.) UBRRH & UBRRL (USART Baud Rate Registers)
U B R R
H
URSEL - - - UBRR11 UBRR10 UBRR9 UBRR8
UBRRL UBRR7 UBRR6 UBRR5 UBRR4 UBRR3 UBRR2 UBRR1 UBRR0
The UBRRH register shares the same I/O address with the UCSRC register.
The differentiation is done on the basis of value of URSEL bit.
When URSEL=0; write operation is done on UBRRH register.
When URSEL=1; write operation is done on UCSRC register.
The UBRRH and UBRRL register together stores the 12-bit value of baud rate, UBRRH
contains the 4 most significant bits and UBRRL contains the other 8 least significant bits.
Baud rates of the transmitting and receiving bodies must match for successful communication.
UBRR register value is calculated by the following formula:

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The HyperTerminal software is used to send data to microcontroller via COM port.
2.2 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification & Detection)
storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. The
technology requires some extent of cooperation of an RFID reader and an RFID tag. An RFID
tag is an object that can be applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the
purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be read from several
meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader.
Frequency hopping is a technique used to keep two or more RFID readers from interfering
with each other while reading RFID tags in the same area.
For example, UHF RFID readers in the United States are said to operate at 915 MHz They
actually operate between 902 and 928 MHz, jumping randomly (or in a predetermined
sequence) to frequencies in between 902 and 928 MHz.
The chances of interference (of two readers attempting to interrogate the same tag) are small
if the band of the reader is wide enough.

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When product data is placed on an RFID tag, a special piece of data called an error correcting
code is created based on the product data using a known algorithm. The algorithm (or rule)
used to create the correcting code is called the error correcting protocol. When the tag is
activated and read, the reader pulls out the product data as well as the ECC.
The reader uses the error correcting protocol on the product data, and compares the result to
the ECC. If they match, the reader knows that the data has been read correctly. Similar
methods are used in most data transfer systems to ensure the correctness of each data packet
as it moves from one part of the system to another.
A reader that performs this check automatically is said to be in error correcting mode.
2.2.1 What is RFID?
RFID is a tracking technology used to identify and authenticate tags that are applied to any
product, individual or animal. Radio frequency Identification and Detection is a general
term used for technologies that make use of radio waves in order to identify objects and
people.
A basic RFID system consists of three components:
a) An antenna or coil
b) A transceiver (with decoder)
c) A transponder (RF tag)
Electronically programmed with unique information. There are many different types of RFID
systems out in the market. They are categorized according to there frequency ranges.
Some of the most commonly used RFID kits are as follows:
1) Low-frequency (30 KHz to 500 KHz)
2) Mid-Frequency (900 KHz to 1500MHz)
3) High Frequency (2.4 GHz to 2.5GHz)
These frequency ranges mostly tell the RF ranges of the tags from low frequency tag ranging
from 3m to 5m, mid-frequency ranging from 5m to 17m and high frequency ranging from 5ft
to 90ft. The cost of the system is based according to there ranges with low-frequency system
ranging from a few hundred dollars to a high-frequency system ranging somewhere near 5000
dollars.
2.2.2 Working
Basic RFID consists of an antenna, transceiver and transponder. To understand the working of
a typical RFID system, check the following animation. Antenna emits the radio signals to
activate tag and to read as well as write information to it. Reader emits the radio waves,

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ranging from one to 100 inches, on the basis of used radio frequency and power output. While
passing through electronic magnetic zone, RFID tag detects activation signals of readers.
Powered by its internal battery or by the reader signals, the tag sends radio waves back to the
reader. Reader receives these waves and identifies the frequency to generate a unique ID.
Reader then decodes data encoded in integrated circuit of tags and transmits it to the
computers for use. Get in-depth about RFID tag and its working through exclusive images at
the Insight about RFID tags.
Fig 2.3 Far field Technique of RFID working
In the far field technique, the tag captures EM waves transmitted from the dipole antenna
which is attached to the reader. The small dipole antenna receives this energy in the form of
alternating potential difference that appears across the arms of the dipole. After the
rectification it is linked to the capacitor which results in accumulation of energy in order to
supply power to the tags.
2.2.3 RFID Readers
The RFID reader is designed for fast and easy system integration without losing performance,
functionality or security. The RFID reader consists of a real time processor, operating system,
virtual portable memory, and transmitter/receiver unit in one small self-contained module that
is easily installed in the ceiling or in any other convenient location.

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2.2.3.1 Block Diagram
Fig 2.4 Block Diagram of RFID Reader

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2.2.3.2 Detailed Description
HF Tags
A wide range of HF Tags are available. Physical form factor and processing requirements of
the HF Tag are the primary factors that help decide which tag to use. In addition, the amount,
type and security level of the information which needs to be stored on the card determine the
appropriate tag. TI provides HF Tags, suitable for paper and plastic lamination. Memory sizes
up to 2kBit with different security levels are available.
RFID Reader/Writer (Transceiver)
The RFID Transceiver represents the core of the RFID reader. Besides the interface to the
reader’s antenna, a parallel or serial communication can be used between the Processor and
the Transceiver unit. Various programming options make the TI's RFID Transceiver suitable
for a wide range of proximity (communication distance to Transceiver - Tag: <10cm) and
vicinity (communication distance to Transceiver - Tag: >50cm) RFID applications.
ISO15693, IOS14443-A bit rates ranging from 106kbps to 848kbps, ISO18000-3 and Tag-it
RFID communication protocols are supported. Included with the on chip data
coding/encoding is the automatic generation of SOF (Start of Frame), EOF (End of Frame),
CRC and/or parity bits. The transceiver unit supports data communication levels to the
MCU/I/O Interface ranging from 1.8V to 5.5V while also providing a data synchronous clock.
Processor
For both, the Fixed and Mobile RFID Reader, the power consumption of the Processor is an
important care about. The broad product portfolio of the Ultra low power MSP430 family
makes it an ideal processor choice for this application. Their high level of system integration
also simplifies the design and reduces system cost.
2.2.4 RFID Tags
RFID tags can be either passive, active or battery assisted passive. An active tag has an
on-board battery and periodically transmits its ID signal. A battery assisted passive (BAP) has
a small battery on board and is activated when in the presence of a RFID reader. A passive tag
is cheaper and smaller because it has no battery.

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Tags may either be read-only, having a factory-assigned serial number that is used as a key
into a database, or may be read/write, where object-specific data can be written into the tag by
the system user. Field programmable tags may be write-once, read-multiple; "blank" tags may
be written with an electronic product code by the user.
The tag's information is stored electronically in a non-volatile memory. The RFID tag includes
a small RF transmitter and receiver. An RFID reader transmits an encoded radio signal to
interrogate the tag. The tag receives the message and responds with its identification
information. This may be only a unique tag serial number, or may be product-related
information such as a stock number, lot or batch number, production date, or other specific
information. RFID tags contain at least two parts: an integrated circuit for storing and
processing information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal,
collecting DC power from the incident reader signal, and other specialized functions; and an
antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal.
2.2.4.1 Types of RFID Tags
Passive RFID Tags
The passive RFID tags do not have any power source and hence they have indistinct
operational life span. The power needed for functioning is taken from the reader when the tag
comes in the vicinity of the reader. They are available in a variety of sizes ranging from sizes
which can fit into adhesive label. The passive RFID is basically made up of three parts:
Antenna which is responsible for capturing energy and transferring the tag ID, Semiconductor
chip appended to the antenna and an encapsulation which maintains the tag integrity. The
encapsulation protects the antenna and chip from harsh environmental conditions. These
encapsulations can be made up of small glass vial or from a laminar plastic substrate with
adhesive on one side so that it can be easily attached to the goods.
Active RFID Tags
The active RFID tags have their own source of power. They can transmit stronger signals
over long distances and can operate in rugged environment for many years. Because of the
on-board source of power they are larger in size and expensive. Then too Active RFID and
Real-Time Location solutions (RTLS) are saving millions of dollars for enterprises around the
world. The low power active tags usually look like a deck of playing cards.
The tags consist of an antenna and IC's. The reader in their range communicates with the tags
in accordance with the protocol (standard/ proprietary) that they follow. The readers can
collect information from multiple tags at the same time. The readers then pass this information
on to the servers through Serial ports (e.g. RS-232), USB, Ethernet or wireless means. The
servers have software running on them which uses the information sent by the readers to carry
out tasks such as locating the tag.

27
The recent Active RFID tags use 2.4 GHz as their operating frequency because this frequency
range is available worldwide. Although these tags require transmitting power, the time
duration of transmitting radio signal is very short. So most of the time, they remain quiescent.
Because of this steady state mode, they control the battery life of the tag. The normal lifespan
of the battery is approximately one year.
There is no need for the RFID reader to transmit a large amount of power as the active RFID
tag has an onboard powers source. The advanced Active tags can also form ad hoc peer
networks with each other.

28
2.2.5 Differences
2.2.5.1 Active v/s Passive Tags
Table no. 2.4 Passive v/s Active tags
Passive Active
Read Range Up to 40 feet (fixed readers)
Up to 20 feet (handheld
readers)
Up to 300 feet or more
Power No power source Battery powered
Tag Life Up to 10 years depending
upon the environment the tag
is in
3-8 years depending upon the
tag broadcast rate
Tag costs $.10-4.00 or more depending
upon the quantity, durability,
and form factor
$15-50 depending upon
quantity, options (motion
sensor, tamper detection,
temperature sensor), and
form- factor
Ideal-Use For inventorying assets using
handheld RFID readers
(daily, weekly, monthly,
quarterly, annually). Can also
be used with fixed RFID
readers to track the
movement of assets as long
as security is not a
requirement.
For use with fixed RFID
readers to perform real-time
asset monitoring at choke-
points or within zones. Can
provide a better layer of
security than passive RFID.
Readers Typically higher cost Typically lower cost
2.2.5.2 RFID Readers v/s IR Sensors
Table no. 2.5 RFID readers v/s IR sensors
IR Sensors RF Readers
IR sensors detect infrared light and transform
it into an electric current.
RF sensors operate on electromagnetic waves
propagated by antennas.
IR sensors don’t pass through opaque or solid
obstacles.
RF sensors can detect vehicle identification at
toll roads, as well as breaking glass and even
fluid flow levels.
IR sensors have to be in the line of sight. RF sensors need not to be in the line of sight.

29
2.2.5.3 RFID v/s Barcodes Readers
Table no.2.6 RFID v/s Barcode Readers
RFID Barcodes
Line of Sight Not required (in most cases) Required
Read range Passive UHF RFID:
-Up to 40 feet (fixed readers)
-Up to 20 feet (handheld
readers)
Active RFID:
-Up to 100’s of feet or more
Several inches up to several
feet
Read Rate 10’s, 100’s or 1000’s
simultaneously
Only one at a time
Identification Can uniquely identify each
item/asset tagged.
Most barcodes only identify
the type of item (UPC Code)
but not uniquely.
Read/Write Many RFID tags are
Read/Write
Read only
Technology RF (Radio Frequency) Optical (Laser)
Interference Like the TSA (Transportation
Security Administration),
some RFID frequencies don’t
like Metal and Liquids. They
can interfere with some RF
Frequencies.
Obstructed barcodes cannot
be read (dirt covering
barcode, torn barcode, etc.)
Automation Most “fixed” readers don’t
require human involvement to
collect data (automated)
Most barcode scanners
require a human to operate
(labour intensive)

30
Chapter 3: Evolution of Project
3.1 Block Diagram of the Project
Fig.3.1 Block diagram of Project
3.1.1 Description
The “RFID based Toll Collection System” basically consists of following main blocks
1. RFID card: RFID cards have diverse range of functions, while provides convenience, as
the cards must simply be waived or tapped in front of a reader rather than swiped. These cards
are used for applications as access control in security systems, time and attendance, network
login security, biometric verification, cashless payment, and even event management.
2. RFID reader: An RFID reader is a device that is used to interrogate an RFID tag. The
reader has an inbuilt antenna that emits radio waves; the tag responds by sends back its data.
3. Micro controller: Micro controller senses the signal given from switches and decides the
mode of operation i.e. recharge mode or toll collection mode. It fetches data from memory
location and sends it to output devices like display, motor driver and buzzer. At the same time

31
it can accept data from Keypad for recharging options and from IR receiver to sense that
vehicle has passed from toll collection booth.
4. Liquid crystal Display: It consists of Liquid Crystal display (LCD).The display is various
messages like valid card, invalid card, access allowed, manual access etc. We are going to use
16x2 alphanumeric displays.
5. Motor Driver: Microcontroller output is 5 volts and DC motor requires 12 volts supply.
Motor driver IC is used to convert 5v to 12v, which is required to drive the motor.
6. DC Motor: DC Motor is used to open the Gate barrier. This will be done when user has
successfully performed the RFID swap operation with sufficient balance.
7. Buzzer: Buzzer will be turned on when invalid card is shown at the RFID reader.
8. Switch: If some user doesn’t have the RFID card and he doesn’t want to purchase the card
then he can pay the cash to the government authority persons at the toll plaza. Authority
person will then press the manual switch to open the Gate.
9. Keypad: Keypad is provided for the recharge option. Authority person can recharge the
RFID cards using this keypad.

32
3.1.2 Data flow Diagram
Fig 3.2 Data flow Chart
3.2 Components Used
3.2.1 ATMega16 Microcontroller
ATmega16 is an 8-bit high performance microcontroller of Atmel’s Mega AVR family with
low power consumption. Atmega16 is based on enhanced RISC (Reduced Instruction Set
Computing architecture with 131 powerful instructions. Most of the instructions execute in
one machine cycle. Atmega16 can work on a maximum frequency of 16MHz.
ATmega16 has 16 KB programmable flash memory, static RAM of 1 KB and EEPROM of
512 Bytes. The endurance cycle of flash memory and EEPROM is 10,000 and 100,000,
respectively.

33
ATmega16 is a 40 pin microcontroller. There are 32 I/O (input/output) lines which are divided
into four 8-bit ports designated as PORTA, PORTB, PORTC and PORTD.
3.2.1.1 Architecture
We have chosen the ATmega16 as a representative of the Atmel AVR line of microcontrollers.
Lessons learned with the ATmega16 may be easily adapted to all other processors in the AVR
line. A block diagram of the Atmel ATmega16’s architecture is provided in figure. As can be
seen from the figure, the ATmega16 has external connections for power supplies (VCC, GND,
AVCC, and AREF), an external time base (XTAL1 and XTAL2) input pins to drive its clocks,
processor reset (active low RESET), and four 8-bit ports (PA0-PA7, PC0-PC7, PB0-PB7,
and PD0-PD7), which are used to interact with the external world. These ports may be used as
general purpose digital input/output (I/O) ports or they may be used for the alternate
functions.
The ports are interconnected with the ATmega16’s CPU and internal subsystems via an
internal bus. The ATmega16 also contains a timer subsystem, an analog-to-digital converter
(ADC), an interrupt subsystem, memory components, and a communication subsystem.

34
Fig 3.3 Block diagram of AVR microcontroller ATmega16

35
3.2.1.2 Pin Diagram
Fig 3.4 Pin Diagram of ATMega16
3.2.1.3 Pin Descriptions
VCC Digital supply voltage
GND Ground
Port A (PA7-PA0) Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter.
Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port
pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers
have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When pins
PA0 to PA7are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current if the
internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

36
Port B (PB7-PB0) Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Port C (PC7-PC0) Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface is enabled,
the pull-up resistors on pins PC5 (TDI), PC3 (TMS) and PC2 (TCK) will be activated even if
a reset occurs.
Port D (PD7-PD0) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
RESET A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a reset,
even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.
XTAL1 Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
XTAL2 Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be externally
connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to
VCC through a low-pass filter.
AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.
Table 3.1 ATMega16 Pin configuration
Pin No. Pin name Description Alternate Function
1
(XCK/T0)
PB0
I/O PORTB, Pin 0
T0: Timer0 External Counter Input.
XCK : USART External Clock I/O
2 (T1) PB1 I/O PORTB, Pin 1 T1:Timer1 External Counter Input

37
3
(INT2/AIN0
) PB2
I/O PORTB, Pin 2
AIN0: Analog Comparator Positive I/P
INT2: External Interrupt 2 Input
4
(OC0/AIN1)
PB3
I/O PORTB, Pin 3
AIN1: Analog Comparator Negative I/P
OC0 : Timer0 Output Compare Match
Output
5 (SS) PB4 I/O PORTB, Pin 4
In System Programmer (ISP)
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
6 (MOSI) PB5 I/O PORTB, Pin 5
7 (MISO) PB6 I/O PORTB, Pin 6
8 (SCK) PB7 I/O PORTB, Pin 7
9 RESET
Reset Pin, Active
Low Reset
10 Vcc Vcc = +5V
11 GND GROUND
12 XTAL2 Output to Inverting Oscillator Amplifier
13 XTAL1 Input to Inverting Oscillator Amplifier
14 (RXD) PD0 I/O PORTD, Pin 0
USART Serial Communication Interface
15 (TXD) PD1 I/O PORTD, Pin 1
16 (INT0) PD2 I/O PORTD, Pin 2 External Interrupt INT0
17 (INT1) PD3 I/O PORTD, Pin 3 External Interrupt INT1
18
(OC1B)
PD4
I/O PORTD, Pin 4
PWM Channel Outputs
19
(OC1A)
PD5
I/O PORTD, Pin 5
20 (ICP) PD6 I/O PORTD, Pin 6 Timer/Counter1 Input Capture Pin
21 PD7 (OC2) I/O PORTD, Pin 7
Timer/Counter2 Output Compare Match
Output
22 PC0 (SCL) I/O PORTC, Pin 0
TWI Interface
23 PC1 (SDA) I/O PORTC, Pin 1
24 PC2 (TCK) I/O PORTC, Pin 2
JTAG Interface
25 PC3 (TMS) I/O PORTC, Pin 3
26 PC4 (TDO) I/O PORTC, Pin 4
27 PC5 (TDI) I/O PORTC, Pin 5
28
PC6
(TOSC1)
I/O PORTC, Pin 6 Timer Oscillator Pin 1
29
PC7
(TOSC2)
I/O PORTC, Pin 7 Timer Oscillator Pin 2

38
30 AVcc Voltage Supply = Vcc for ADC
31 GND GROUND
32 AREF Analog Reference Pin for ADC
33
PA7
(ADC7)
I/O PORTA, Pin 7 ADC Channel 7
34
PA6
(ADC6)
35
PA5
(ADC5)
36
PA4
(ADC4)
37
PA3
(ADC3)
38
PA2
(ADC2)
39
PA1
(ADC1)
40
PA0
(ADC0)
3.2.2 LCD
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various
devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi
segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no
limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments),
animations and so on. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2
such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two
registers, namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command
instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined
task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc.
The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of
the character to be displayed on the LCD.

39
Fig 3.5 LCD pin diagram
(http://blowtech.blogspot.in/2013/08/162-lcd-interfacing-with-8051.html)
Table 3.2 LCD Pin Description
Pin No Function Name
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
4 Selects command register when low; and data register when high Register Select
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7 8-bit data pins DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
11 DB4

40
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-
3.2.3 DC Motor
The specific type of motor we are addressing is the permanent magnet brushed DC motor
(PMDC). These motors have two terminals. Applying a voltage across the terminals results in
a proportional speed of the output shaft in steady state.
There are two pieces to the motor: 1) stator and 2) rotor. The stator includes the housing,
permanent magnets, and brushes. The rotor consists of the output shaft, windings and
commutator.
Fig 3.6 DC Motor

41
Motor Physics
The forces inside a motor that cause the rotor to rotate are called Lorentz Forces. If an
electron is moving through a magnetic field, it experiences a force. If we have a current
passing through a wire in a magnetic field , the wire experiences a force proportional
to the cross product of the current (expressed as a vector, including the direction of flow) and
the magnetic field:
You can easily find the direction of this force using the Right Hand Rule. The Right Hand
Rule states that if you point your right hand's index finger along the direction of current, I, and
your middle finger in the direction of magnetic flux, B, the direction of force is along the
thumb. See the picture below.
Fig 3.7 Motor Structure
3.2.4 7805 Voltage Regulator
7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear
voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not
give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a
constant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide.
7805 provides +5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at
input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.

42
Fig 3.8 7805 pin diagram
(http://www.researchcell.com/electronics/7805-pin-configuration-and-voltage-regulator-circuit/)
Table No.3.3: 7805 Pin Description
Pin No Function Name
1 Input voltage (5V-18V) Input
2 Ground (0V) Ground
3 Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V) Output
Advantages:
78xx series ICs do not require additional components to provide a constant, regulated source
of power, making them easy to use, as well as economical and efficient uses of space. They
have protection against overheating and short-circuits, making them quite robust in most
applications.
Disadvantages:
The input voltage must always be higher than the output voltage by some minimum amount
(typically 2 volts). This can make these devices unsuitable for powering some devices from
certain types of power sources (for example, powering a circuit that requires 5 volts using
6-volt batteries will not work using a 7805).
3.2.5 RFID Reader
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a contactless form of automatic identification and
data capture. Dating back to World War II, RFID transponders were used to identify friendly
aircraft. The RFID system consists of a reader, transponder, and antenna utilizing several
frequency ranges. Radio frequency identification is used in access control, asset control, and
animal identification. The advantages of RFID are the capability for multiple reads, ability to
be used in almost any environment, and the accuracy. The Automatic Identification
Manufacturers, International Standards Organization, and the American National Standards
Institute are currently developing standards.

43
The RFID (Radio Frequency Identification-13.56MHz RFID system) essentially consists
of an RFID Reader/Writer (Transceiver), an HF Tag and a Processor unit interfacing to
various peripherals.
3.2.6 RFID Tags
Radio Frequency Identification Tags (RFID) comes in two forms, active or passive. Both
types are very different from each other in many ways. We will discuss both active and passive
types of RFID's in great detail in this article.
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a term used to describe any identification device that
can be sensed at a distance with few problems of obstruction or mis-orientation. The devices
are often referred to 'RFID tags' or 'smart labels'.
RFID tags can be either passive, active or battery assisted passive. An active tag has an
on-board battery and periodically transmits its ID signal. A battery assisted passive (BAP) has
a small battery on board and is activated when in the presence of a RFID reader. A passive tag
is cheaper and smaller because it has no battery.
Tags may either be read-only, having a factory-assigned serial number that is used as a key
into a database, or may be read/write, where object-specific data can be written into the tag by
the system user. Field programmable tags may be write-once, read-multiple "blank" tags may
be written with an electronic product code by the user.
The tag's information is stored electronically in a non-volatile memory. The RFID tag includes
a small RF transmitter and receiver. An RFID reader transmits an encoded radio signal to
interrogate the tag. The tag receives the message and responds with its identification
information. This may be only a unique tag serial number, or may be product-related
information such as a stock number, lot or batch number, production date, or other specific
information. RFID tags contain at least two parts: an integrated circuit for storing and
processing information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal,
collecting DC power from the incident reader signal, and other specialized functions; and an
antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal.

44
3.2.7 L293 IC
3.2.7.1 Pin Diagram
Fig 3.9 Pin Diagram of L293 IC
Some Features
Wide Supply Voltage Range: 4.5V to 36V
Separate Input-Logic Supply
Internal ESD Protection
Thermal Shutdown
High-Noise-Immunity Inputs
Output Current 1A per Channel
Peak Output Current 2A per Channel
Output Clamp Diodes for Inductive Transient Suppression
3.2.7.2 Description information
The L293 is a quadruple high-current half-H driver. The L293 is designed to provide
bidirectional drive currents of up to 1 A at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. It is designed to
drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, dc and bipolar stepping motors, as well as
L293 IC

45
other high-current/high-voltage loads in positive-supply applications. All inputs are TTL
compatible. Each output is a complete totem-pole drive circuit, with a Darlington transistor
sink and a pseudo-Darlington source. Drivers are enabled in pairs, with drivers 1 and 2
enabled by 1,2EN and drivers 3 and 4 enabled by 3,4EN. When an enable input is high, the
associated drivers are enabled, and their outputs are active and in phase with their inputs.
When the enable input is low, those drivers are disabled, and their outputs are off and in the
high-impedance state. With the proper data inputs, each pair of drivers forms a full-H (or
bridge) reversible drive suitable for solenoid or motor applications. On the L293, external
high-speed output clamp diodes should be used for inductive transient suppression. A VCC1
terminal, separate from VCC2, is provided for the logic inputs to minimize device power
dissipation. The L293 is characterized for operation from 0°C to 70°C.
Schematics of inputs and outputs (L293)
Fig 3.10 Schematic of L293 IC (Datasheet Texas Instruments)

46
3.3 Schematic Diagram
Fig 3.11 Circuit Diagram of Project

47
Fig 3.12 Switch symbols pin diagram

48
Chapter 4: Software Requirement Specification
4.1 AVR Studio
 Starting AVR Studio
 Creating a New Project
 Simulating the Code
Starting AVR Studio
Start the AVR Studio program by clicking on:
Start->Programs->ATMEL AVR Tools->AVR Studio 4
Once the program has started, you will be looking at a screen like this:
To create a new project, click on "New Project" on the Welcome Screen or go to the
"Project" menu and select "New". The dialog box
shown in the next figure appears.

49
After this select AVR GCC for writing code in C language OR Atmel AVR Assembler for
writing code in assembly language.
After selecting any one of the two write any name of your project and always check on box
create folder.

50
Click next and then this will open a next page of dialog box as shown below
This would give the list of microcontroller that this software supports.
Select AVR Simulator and corresponding microcontroller used
Click finish and this will open a window as shown below
Write code in the coding window

51
4.2 Proteus Simulator
Proteus is software for microprocessor simulation, schematic capture, and Printed Circuit
Board (PCB) design. It is developed by Labcenter Electronics.
System Components
ISIS Schematic Capture - a tool for entering designs.
PROSPICE Mixed mode SPICE simulation - industry standard SPICE3F5 simulator
combined with a digital simulator.
ARES PCB Layout - PCB design system with automatic component placer, rip-up and retry
auto-router and interactive design rule checking.
VSM - Virtual System Modeling lets co-simulate embedded software for popular
micro-controllers alongside hardware design.
System Benefits - Integrated package with common user interface and fully context sensitive
help.

52
4.2.1 Simulation of Project
When a vehicle enters it asks for detecting the rfid tag and the following is displayed on the
LCD screen:

53
After it detects the tag number which is of 12 digits, the following is displayed on screen:

54
The motor opens the gate after the amount is deducted from the card and the car is allowed to
move:

55
Gate is then closed automatically after some delay of time:

56
In case, if the vehicle is unregistered and the rfid reader does not detect the rfid tag then the
following is displayed on LCD screen:

57
Chapter 5. Hardware of Project
RFID Reader

58
LCD
DC Motor

59
Chapter 6: Result & Conclusion
6.1 Result
Use of RFID Readers and tags makes the toll tax collection system time efficient and hence
reduces the traffic on the highways due to the toll tax collection manually. AVR
microcontroller is a little advanced then the 8051 microcontroller. When the RFID reader
detects the RFID tag by its 12 digit code, the money balance from the card is deducted for the
toll tax. And then only the vehicle is allowed to go further by making the gate open after the
amount is being paid.
6.2 Enhancements
Limitations
As generally all systems have some limitations, here are some for the proposed system.
1.) The proposed system will take care of only single toll depot. It is not the centralized
system.
2.) Multiple RF transmitters cannot work together.
Drawbacks
This system has certain drawbacks also as listed:
1.) This system will increase the stationery cost.
2.) A person is required to print and send the bill to the user
Future Modifications
There is always chance to improve any system as research & development is an endless
process. Our system is no exception to this phenomenon. The following improvements can be
done.
1.) Centralised system for toll tax collection among all the toll depots.
2.) Monthly bill can be automatic send by email or the bill amount can be informed by SMS to
the user.
3.) Zigbee, RFID, Bluetooth or other technology can be used to avoid data confliction.

60
Scope & Applications
Only the imagination can limit the applications of the above proposed system.
1.) Automated Vehicle Identification & Classification.
2.) Transaction Processing (Toll Calculation).
3.) Can be used to trace the vehicle if this system is centralized.
6.3 Conclusion
RFID Technology has brought a vast difference in day-to-day life. This project for a toll tax
collection system would reduce the time and work efficiency of human beings working at the
toll tax for collection of toll amount. The development of RFID based toll deduction system
has proved that RFID technology have good results in implementing in different applications
but the standard company have develop the framework of applications. Also the traffic at the
toll tax due to time consuming steps of putting up the entries and paying would be reduced.
Hence traffic is maintained.

61
References
 http://www.rfidreader.info/
 http://www.rfidjournal.com/faq/
 http://www.ti.com/solution/rfid_reader
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification
 http://www.engineersgarage.com/rfid-radio-frequency-identification-and-detection
 http://www.ehow.com/list_7672241_differences-ir-sensors-rf-sensors.html
 http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp?ArtNum=21
 AVR Microcontroller & Embedded Systems by Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice
Gillispie Mazidi, Prentice-Hall.
 AVR Studio tutorials
 Issued Paper on RFID Toll tax published Online April 2012 in MECS
(http://www.mecs-press.org/) DOI: 10.5815/ijitcs.2012.04.06
 Volume 3, Special Issue, March-April 2013, An ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal.
E-NSPIRE, A National Level Conference held at Pravara Rural Engineering College,
Loni, Maharashtra, INDIA.

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