1. When the Crowd Doesn’t See
the Value:
Crowdsourcing, Citizen
Journalism, and the Cultural
Production of Local Online
News
2. Two Case Studies out of
Minnesota
Twin Cities Daily Planet (in Minneapolis-St.
Paul, MN -- combined population of about 3.5
million)
Locally Grown Northfield (in Northfield, MN --
population of about 17,000)
Both working with different models of citizen
journalism combined with professional
journalism
Looking at questions of cultural production
and value (cultural, financial)
3. What is Twin Cities Daily Planet?
Publication established
to give voice to those
who might not have any
exposure in MSM
Citizen-generated blogs
Community and ethnic
member media’s stories
Training for would-be
citizen journalists who
do write for TC Daily
Planet and elsewhere
4. Research Questions Related to
Citizen Journalism and Value
First, how does the
crowd or participant feel
about the value of its
contribution to a news
site?
And second, how does
the journalist or editor
feel about the value of
its contribution to a
news site?
5. TC Daily Planet
Founded in 2006
Founded by TC Media Alliance
Supported by grants and reader donations
Overseen by fulltime editor
Executive director/publisher
A couple of fulltime editors, interns
6. Citizen journalism as somewhat
professionalized
News and feature stories are largely by reporters and
bloggers from member sites, or
Citizens trained to be journalists working for TC Daily
Planet
Training through workshops open to the community
members
Do open it to comments - do not use crowdsourcing
(buzzword to be defined later)
Reporters organizations see this as win-win: Daily
Planet gets important stories and content, other
publications, reporters, organization get exposure
7. From citizen journalist whose story
was published…
“I was so excited to learn my story had been
published in Twin Cities Daily Planet. It was
great exposure for me since I’m just starting
out as a journalist and am in college planning
to major in journalism. It was also great that
the story could be seen by a wider audience
than Engage Minnesota (the publication where
it originated) has.”
8. What is Locally Grown Northfield?
Blog/podcast about Northfield, Minnesota, established in
2004 by community activist/former online community
manager for Utne Reader
Combination of soft news (blog style writing), discussion,
opinion, video clips of events
The blog grew out of a community radio show with the
three of them discussing issues related to Northfield
The other two are the executive director of the Northfield
Downtown Development Corporation and a local business
owner
Blog started soliciting advertising in January 2009 but
largely does not pay at all
9. Examples of a Locally Grown Blog
Post
What happened to SNL at Northfield Middle School
Council Approves Walinksi
as City Administrator
Snowpiles on Division Street Downtown
Regular community of followers, many of
whom also listen to radio show and comment
or contribute on the blog
10. What is Representative
Journalism, or RepJ?
Idea from a blog written by
a professor at Kennisaw
State (and former
employee of MN Public
Radio), Len Witt
What if blogs could hire
and support their own
reporters to do actual
reporting and
newsgathering for them?
Received a $50K grant
from the Harnisch
Foundation, a small family
foundation
11. How was the first RepJ set up to
work?
A blogging community --
in this case LoGrowNo
-- would be given a
fulltime reporter
Salary paid by grant
May questions: Who
should this person be?
Local who already knows
Northfield?
Outsider who can
maintain more of an
objective stance?
12. Examples of RepJ reporting
Business survey reveals some needs met, others n
Will be accompanied by live chat with some of the
people involved
Community radio station will have Bonnie on
Saturdays -- starting with this story -- to discuss
the story
She writes about it on her blog
Community comments and helps with stories-in-
progress
13. More examples
Story in progress: Intern piece
NTV package: a more indepth
story in progress
Uses the comments to follow and improve
upon stories in a transparent reporting
process (she notes if it is a story in progress)
Here’s the buzzword again = Crowdsourcing
14. Crowdsourcing
Facet of citizen journalism -- the act of a citizen, or
group of citizens, playing an active role in the process
of collecting, reporting, analyzing and disseminating
news and information (Bowman & Willis, 2003)
The act taking on a job that is traditionally done by a
professional and outsourcing it to a large group of
undefined persons (Howe, 2006)
“Assignment Zero,” which used Internet users from
various walks of life to work as reporters on a
collaborative news project (Rosen, 2007)
15. The Pros and Cons
PROS
The greater good and
wisdom of the crowd prevails
People can fact-check one
another
Allows audience to invest in
product and therefore, the
product is more valuable to
them
(Gillmor, 2006)
CONS
Expertise, thorough
reporting, storytelling and
ethical grounding is lost
A thousand monkeys with
typewriters is still a thousand
monkeys with typewriters (no
such thing as wisdom of the
crowd)
Crowd has agendas
(Keen, 2007)
16. How is this working with RepJ and
Locally Grown Northfield?
Audience actively participates,
Bonnie values contributions
Audience sometimes argues
with one another and Bonnie
over stories
Thorough coverage of issues
and pieces not covered by
local paper
Bloggers appreciate added
benefit of a reporter to
enhance their site (did serve
as a value-add for advertisers)
17. Audience as Cultural Producer
Bourdieu: Cultural
production - allows a
person to act within a
hierarchy to produce
something of cultural
value, elevates them
Could this translate to
value within sites that
use citizen journalism?
18. Town Hall Meeting for RepJ, Feb.
2009, in Northfield
Many regular commenter/contributors were in attendance,
also ME of Northfield News, Len Witt, Bonnie the reporter
By and large, feeling was their own contribution to Locally
Grown Northfield was worthless
Would not pay for something citizen generated, did not see
the worth of that
Would consider paying for a professional to do
newsgathering, depending on “format” (Potential models:
Co-op, community garden, public radio), but would not pay
for a blog
19. Comments
“I don’t think you should hire a whole bunch of
bloggers who are just following the (whims) of
the readers of Locally Grown and the people
who are always commenting on the stories.
It’s better to have Bonnie, or some other
reporter who really knows the whole
community and the important stories.”
20. Comments
“I definitely don’t see the collaborative
reporting as important here. It’s great
that we have Bonnie, who is a trained
journalist who has worked in journalism
as the person who we can count on to
make sense of all of this.”
21. Cultural production/Value
In general, the feeling of everyone there
seemed to be that the collaborative aspect of
the reporting and ability to comment or make
suggestions was dismissed.
However, people also were hesitant to discuss
whether they would pay to have a fulltime
reporter working for the blog
22. The Immediate Future
Both publications continue to maintain crucial
community partnerships
Both utilize digital media technologies to tell
stories (Twitter, video, podcast, etc.)
Both publications seek to remain funded
Both publications seek to remain relevant to
their communities - TCDP will keep same
model, Locally Grown will begin to use Spot.us
tools and has offered freelancers positions
23. With regard to cultural
production…
The way the citizen journalism is practiced has
implications for the cultural production value of
its users
Editors of both sites strongly value contribution
of audience/citizens
Citizens themselves do not always see it, and
editors also value traditional news values,
adding another dimension of how not to pay
for at least some aspects of journalism
24. Can cultural production translate into
financial value in local online news?
Can crowdsourcing translate into
crowdfunding?
Too soon to say with regard to two case
studies here
Must pay attention to the correlation
between cultural production and cultural
value
