2. “Politicians are the same everywhere.They
promise to build bridges, even where there
are no rivers”
Nikita Krushchev
3. What is capital?
Produced means of production
Can also mean $$$
The difference is between
physical capital and financial
capital Source: cityofchicago.org
4. Who on earth is
William Easterly?
• Currently an economist at NewYork
University (NYU)
• Previously an economist at the World Bank
• Jeffrey Sachs’ arch nemesis
• A person with a sense of humor
10. What is diminishing
marginal returns?
• Easterly’s pancake story
• Hold one input constant while increasing
the other
• You end up with thin pancakes.
12. Why the Solow model
shouldn’t be applied to
the tropics
13. Inconsistent with data
• What the Solow model predicts
• Capital should flow Rich Poor
• What really happens
• in 1990, the richest 20% got 92% of
world investments
• The poorest 20%? 0.1%
14. So then what about the
developing countries?
• Some cases when capital was used and it
led to growth in one country but not in the
other
• Conclusion: Capital cannot be a reliable
source of economic growth
15. He talks of Nigeria and
Hong Kong
• Are the outputs the same?
• Because if they aren’t, apples vs. oranges?
16. Exports in 2011
Source: Harvard-MIT Atlas of Economic
Complexity http://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/
Nigeria Hong Kong
17. In case you’re curious
about India
Source: Harvard-MIT Atlas of Economic