This document provides an overview of English grammar, including parts of speech, types of nouns and pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections, articles, and sentences. It discusses the different types of sentences and includes examples. It also covers punctuation, tenses, mistakes in spoken and written English, and aids to correct usage. Various class activities are included to identify parts of speech, punctuate sentences, fill in blanks with correct verb forms, and identify and rectify common errors.

1. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT &
COMMUNICATION SKILLS-I
Unit 1

3. ENGLISH GRAMMAR
The system of rules underlying the use of language
Parts of Speech
• Noun
• Verb
• Adverb
• Adjective
• Pronoun
• Preposition
• Conjunction
• Interjection
• Articles

4. The Noun
• A noun is a word used to name a person, animal,
place, thing, and abstract idea. Nouns are
usually the first words which small children
learn.
KINDS OF NOUNS
• Proper Noun
• Common Noun
• Collective Noun
• Abstract Noun

5. KINDS OF NOUNS
• Proper Noun: Name of a particular person or thing. (
Ram, Sun, Rose etc)
• Abstract Noun: Something you can not perceive
through any of your five senses. ( kindness, brevity etc)
• Collective nouns: Name a group of people or
thing. This class of nouns denotes a group of people,
animals, objects, or concepts or ideas as a single entity.
• Common Noun :The mane shared in common by
everyone of the same class or group is a common
noun. (books, birds etc)

6. Singular and Plural Nouns
• Singular Nouns: a boy, Ram, a flower
• Plural Nouns: boys, stars, flowers

7. Class Activity - 1
• Identify the nouns in the following sentences
and state what kinds of nouns they are:
• Radha has a laptop.
• I am an Indian.
• You study English.
• Lime water is a very refreshing drink.

8. The Pronoun
• The word used in place of a noun is a pronoun.
• Example:
• He is going to market.
• Shyam is the student who got the highest marks.
• This car is mine.
• Who broke this glass?
• None of them has passed.
• Each of you have got first division.

9. The Adjectives
• The word which adds something to the
meaning of a noun or pronoun is called an
adjective
• Example: she is beautiful.
• Example: the cow is black.

10. Class Activity - 2
• Fill in the blanks with suitable adjectives:
• Do you have a _____ pen?
• She has invited _____ friends to her birthday.
• All the sentences are ______.
• She is ____ &____.

11. Class Activity - 2
• Identify the adjectives in the following
sentences :
• The teacher gave him two books.
• Radha is a clever girl.
• Ashoka was a great king of India.
• Mohan got first position in the university.
• Several trees were uprooted in the strom.

12. Class Activity - 2
• Meena has no sense.
• Which car do you want to buy?
• The dog did not eat any bread.
• Every word of your essay is wrong.

13. The Verb
• Verbs express, action, occurrence, state of
being
• Verbs tell what action a subject is performing
• Verbs have number, which means they are
singular (one) or plural (more than one).
• The number of a verb depends on the number
of its subject
• Example: she is doing her work.

14. AUXILIARY VERBS
• These verbs help to form some of the tenses
and voice of the main verb.
• Common helping verbs:
shall will could would
did should must can
may have had has
is are was were
am been

15. Transitive Verbs
• Verbs transfer their action to an object. An
object must receive the action of a transitive
verb for the meaning of the verb to be
complete.
• Example :
• Mohan writes a report.
• Sohan plays football.

16. Intransitive Verb
• Intransitive verbs complete the action
without an object.
• Example:
• Mohan writes.
• Sohan plays.
• Rani loves.

17. The Adverb
• A word which adds to the meaning of a verb,
adjective or another adverb is called an
adverb.
• Example:
• Ram speaks English fluently.
• She is very beautiful.

18. The Preposition
• A preposition links nouns, pronouns and
phrases to other words in a sentence.
• indicates the temporal, spatial or logical
relationship of its object to the rest of the
sentence.
• Example:
• The cat is sitting on the table.
• He is in the room.

19. The Conjunction
• Can be used to LINK words, phrases, or
clauses
• Example:
• She is beautiful but arrogant.
• Sita is rich and wise.

20. The Interjection
• The word which expresses some sudden
feeling or emotion is called an interjection.
• Example:
• Hurray! I got a new car.
• Hello! How are you?
• Alas! We lost the match.

21. The Articles
• A: used to refer to the singularity of a
common noun. Example: a book, a boy.
• An: used to refer to the singularity of a
common noun starting with a vowel. Example:
an elephant, an apple.
• The : used to refer to a specific subject or a
specific object. Example: the boy I was talking
about, the elephants in that jungle etc

22. Class Activity- 3
• Name the parts of speech of each bold word
in the following sentences :
• Villagers are drawing water from the well.
• “Midnight Children” is a well written book.
• Blood welled out from her wounds.
• Well! It can be ratified.
• Strike the iron when it is hot.
• I sat beside the bridegroom

23. Class Activity- 3
• The wrong done to the employee was righted.
• Sohan is the right person for this job.
• Everybody has the right to speak in the
meeting.
• Always travel light.
• Please make room for the aged.
• This shop sells iron chairs.
• She ironed the clothes..

24. Class Activity- 4
• Fill in the blanks and name the part of the
speech used:
• I am going to London to see _____ sister.
• You are the laziest worker _____ I have ever
seen.
• The computer ______ we purchased last year
has become obsolete.
• The child ate ____ the chocolates.

25. Class Activity- 4
• I was _____ delighted to see my friend. (very,
much)
• Indira Gandhi was killed twenty years _____.
(ago, before)
• She is not fit ____ this job.
• Esha came to the class _____ of all. (early)
• Our library has ______ books for all. (much,
enough)

26. Class Activity- 4
• The village was destroyed _____ tsunami.
• He stayed _____ Vienna while going ____
Washington.
• The students have been studying ______
morning.
• It has been raining _____ two days now.
• She lived in India _____ 1991 ____ 1993.

27. Class Activity- 4
• _____ Sham ____ ram failed.
• _____ he is poor, he has bought a scooter.
• Always lock your room ____ you leave.
• It is meaningless to read a book ____ you cant
understand it.
• The rat is hiding ____ the table.
• Sohan writes correctly _____ makes mistakes
_____ he speaks.

28. Class Activity- 4
• The third one day match ____ on Monday.
• Intelligent people always avail themselves
____ the opportunity.
• The post man came ____ gave me a letter.
• Shyam is ill ____ ram is well.
• The huner killed two birds ____ one shot.
• A person _______ Britain is called a Britisher.

29. Class Activity- 4
• There is no dispute _______ India and Britain.
• Mrs. Radha ______ my son English.
• _____ you help the needy?
• Prem lives _____ Vasant Vihar _____ New
Delhi.

30. The Sentence
• A sentence is a group of words which makes
complete sense.
• It has a Subject (about which something is
said) and object (which says something about
the subject).
• India (subject) is a big country (object).
• She (subject) is dancing (object).

31. Types of Sentences
• Affirmative sentences
• Negative sentences
• Interrogative sentences
• Imperative sentences
• Exclamatory sentences
• Optative sentences

32. Affirmative sentences
• Common statements
• Example:
• She is dancing.
• He can read.

33. NEGATIVE SENTENCES
• Common statement with no, not, never etc.
• Examples:
• She is not dancing.
• He can’t read.

34. Interrogative sentences
• Such sentences are used to ask questions.
• Example:
• Is she dancing?
• Can he read?

35. Imperative sentences
• This kind of sentences contain order, advice or
request.
• Example:
• Get out of the class.
• Please close the door.

36. Exclamatory sentences
• These convey a feeling of joy, sorrow or
surprise.
• Example:
• Hurray! I got a new car.
• Hello! How are you?
• Alas! We lost the match.

37. Class Activity - 5
• Change the following sentences as directed:
• He was present today. (negative sentence)
• Anyone can do it. (negative sentence)
• Sohan abused Mohan. (negative sentence)
• You can’t help me. (affirmative sentence)
• He wanted to become a doctor. (interrogative
sentence)
• She sings well. (interrogative sentence)

38. Punctuation
• A System composed of conventional signs
(punctuation marks) and spaces is employed
to organize written and printed language in
order to make it as readable, clear, and logical
as possible.
• Using punctuation marks correctly can greatly
enhance both the clarity and the power of
written English.

39. Types of Punctuation Marks
• Full stop (.)
• Comma (,)
• Semi colon (;)
• Colon(:)
• Question mark(?)
• Exclamation mark (!)
• Apostrophie (‘)
• Inverted commas (“”)
• Hyphen (-)
• Capital letters

40. Class Activity - 6
• Punctuate the following sentences :
• He is handsome wise and rich
• Alas we lost the match
• It is difficult but one should never give up
• The hindustan times is an excellent newspaper
• two states is a well written book

41. Class Activity - 6
• monday saturday the college is closed
• She said I am busy
• May I come in madam
• Meera shantanus sister isnt fat.
• The teacher asked him why was he sitting idle

42. The tenses
• Past tense : past indefinite, past continuous,
past perfect and past perfect continuous.
• Present tense : present indefinite, present
continuous, present perfect and present
perfect continuous.
• Future tense : future indefinite, future
continuous, future perfect and future perfect
continuous.

43. Past Indefinite Tense
The simple past is used to describe an action, an
event, or condition that occurred in the past.
For Example—
I played.
He / She played.
Subject + IIrd form of verb

44. Past Continuous Tense
The past continuous tense is used to described
actions ongoing in the past.
For Example—
I was playing.
He / She was playing.
You were playing.
Subject + was/were + Ist form of verb+ ing

45. Past Perfect Tense
The past perfect tense is used to refer to actions
that took place and were completed in the
past.
For Example—
I had played.
He / She had played.
Subject + had + IIIrd form of verb

46. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• The past perfect continuous is used to
indicate that a continuing action in the past
began before another past action began or
interrupted the first action.
For Example—
I had been playing.
He / She had been playing.
• Subject + had been + Ist form of verb + ing

47. Present Indefinite Tense
• This is used to state the routine activities or
the universal truth.
• Example:
• Sun rises in the east.
• I play.
• He / She plays.
• Subject + Ist form of the verb + s / es

48. Present Continuous Tense
• This is used to state something that is going
on at the time of giving the statement.
• Example:
• I am playing.
• She is playing.
• Subject + am/is/are + Ist form of verb + ing

49. Present Perfect Tense
• This is used to state an action that has just
ended.
• Example:
• I have played.
• He / she has played.
• Subject +have/has + IIIrd form of verb

50. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
• This is used to state an action which started in
the past and is still going on.
• Example:
• I have been playing.
• He / she has been playing.
• Subject + have/has + been + Ist form of verb
+ ing

51. Future Indefinite Tense
The simple future is used to refer to actions that
will take place after the act of speaking or
writing.
For Example—
I shall play.
He / She will play.
Subject + will/shall + Ist form of verb

52. Future Continuous Tense
The future continuous tense is used to describe
actions ongoing in the future. The future
progressive is used to refer to continuing
action that will occur in the future.
For Example—
I shall be playing.
He / She will be playing.
• Subject +will be + Ist form of verb + ing

53. Future Perfect Tense
The future perfect is used to refer to an action
that will be completed sometime in the future
before another action takes place.
For Example—
I shall have played.
He / She will have played.
Subject + will have + IIIrd form of verb

54. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
The future perfect continuous tense is used to
indicate a continuing action that will be
completed at some specified time in the
future.
For Example—
I shall have been playing.
He / She will have been playing
Subject + will/ shall have been + Ist form of
verb + ing

55. Class Activity - 7
• Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verb:
• By this year end, I _______ in Delhi for five years.
(live)
• The earth _____ around the sun. (revolve)
• She _____ French for two months. (learn)
• The flight _______ before we reach the airport.
(arrive)

56. Class Activity - 7
• We _____ the president yesterday. (meet)
• The Principal ______ to speak to you. (want)
• We ____ a lot of work today. ( do)
• I ______ my lunch when she came. (have)
• If she ______ early, she will miss the train.
(leave)
• He _____ (not join) his duty so far.

57. Class Activity - 7
• It ______ (rain) since last night.
• _______ you _____ to China before?
• When ______ you _______ manners?
• Unless you _____ now you can’t be on time.
(start)
• The next session ______ on 15th August. (begin)
• This book is not long, I _______ it by dinner time.
(read)

58. Mistakes in Spoken & Written English
• Jargons : technical terms used in inappropriate
context.
• Verbosity : use of too many words
• Tautology : repeating the same thing
• Pomposity : using difficult, longer and unfamiliar
words
• Slang : words or phrases used in common but are
outside standard English language.
• Colloquialisms : word or phrases used in informal
speech.

59. Aids to correct Spoken English
• Stress on correct words.
• Pronunciation
• Rhythm
• Intonation : pitch and volume of voice
• Pause and internal juncture
• Courtesy
• Knowledge
• Read a lot and learn

60. Aids to correct Written English
• Use of familiar words.
• Use single word in place of many.
• Use concrete words.
• Use short words in place of long expressions.
• Use strong words.
• Avoid double entry.
• Use verbs in place of nouns.
• Use active over passive verbs.

61. Aids to correct Written English
• Avoid overuse of long verbs.
• Read a lot and learn.
• Use technical words with caution
• Write correct spelling
• Avoid the words derived from masculine words
• Avoid the words which demean the status of
women.
• Use appropriate synonyms and idioms

62. Class Activity- 8
• The following sentences contain some
common errors in communication. Identify
and rectify them:
• She is not a good singer as him.
• You, can’t pass this exam. Isn’t it?
• I, he and you are right.
• I and he live together.
• He is more stronger then Ravi.

63. Class Activity- 8
• They divided the chocolates between themselves.
• Ram and Shyam divided the chocolates among
themselves.
• I am senior than you.
• My all employees are good.
• Anyone cannot solve this problem.
• Shilpa is my older daughter.
• Only few students are present.

64. Class Activity- 8
• Two and two makes four.
• She is one of the students who has failed.
• The class room and lab is in a bad condition.
• She says to him, “you lost the contest”.
• She talks as if she is mad.
• Geeta is suffering from viral fever from
Monday.
• She does not know driving.

65. Class Activity- 8
• The picture is much interesting.
• The quite meeting was successful.
• He went to Shimla five years before.
• You must have excellent command over
English.
• The meeting will commence from 10th March.
• The culture in Delhi is very different than that
in Mumbai.

66. Class Activity- 8
• She neither cooks lunch nor dinner.
• He is Sachin Tendulkar of our class.
• She has never and will never dance.
• The Principal asked Suresh will he like to
teach?
• She did not know what she wants.

67. Class Activity - 8
• He is richer and wiser.
• Taj Mahal is a worth seeing monument.
• Old plant and machinery have been removed.
• We ordered for two cups of coffee.
• You have taken the loan last year.
• She prefers coffee than tea.

68. Class Activity - 8
• I congratulate you for the new job.
• Don’t insist me for that.
• He failed due to lack of hard work.
• The play was hilarious like we expected.
• She not only teaches English but Economics
also.
• This is the best of the two.

69. Class Activity- 8
• She had come here yesterday.
• He works hardly and answers quick.
• Deepak is our mutual friend.
• Tell me the fresh news.
• She is the latest candidate.

70. Thank you