3. Introduction
• A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) provides a
communication channel between the human brain
and the computer, that recognize users’ command
only from his or her brainwaves and reacts
according to them.
• A system that gets and analyzes neural signals
• Communication between the brain and a machine
4. History
• Hans Berger was the first person who record the human brain activity in 1924
• He identified oscillatory activity in the brain.
• Alpha wave (8–13 Hz), was identified by Berger, also known as Berger's wave.
• In 1970’s different algorithms were written to control the brain movement.
• In 1996 Dr. Phillip Kennedy invented neurotrophic-cone, consisted of electrodes to
control brain signals.
5. Cont.
• Further on in 1990’s rats and monkeys were
implanted with BCI to check the results, both
the rats and monkeys operated it to carry out
the movement, while monkey could even fed
itself through BCI with the help of a robotic
arm.
8. Type Frequency Location Normally in
Delta 0.5-4 Hz Frontally in adults, Posteriorly in
children,High amplitude waves
In babies
Deep dreamless sleep
Adults slow wave
Theta 4-7 Hz Young children
drowsiness or arousal in older
children and adults
Idling
Deep relaxation
Alpha 8-12 Hz Posterior regions of head, both sides,
higher in amplitude on dominant side.
Relaxed/reflecting
Closing the eyes
Calm
Not thinking
Beta 12-30 Hz Both sides, symmetrical distribution,
most evident frontally; Low amplitude
waves
alert/working
active, busy or anxious
thinking, active concentration
10. Interaction
• Interaction is a kind of action that occurs as two or more objects have an
effect upon one another. In case of HCI it refers to communication between
user and system.
11. BCI
• Direct communication between the human brain
and outside world
• Command is recognized by his brainwaves
• Neurons enables the movement through some
signals
• Majorly for the patients who suffer motor
impairments or disabilities
12. Principle
• Bio-electrical activity of nerves and muscle
• Metal discs are inserted in to the brain or scalp containing electrodes, which
detect and interpret the signals.
13. Working
• The BCI system first senses the changes in frequency of the signals
transmitted and then converts it into a control signal
• By analyzing these signals, the working of the brain can be understood
• BCI system reads signals from an array of neurons and use computer chips
and programs (translating the signals into action)
• Enabling a person to perform something
17. Types of BCI
• There are three types of BCI
• Invasive
• Partial-Invasive
• Non-Invasive
18. INVASIVE
• Invasive BCIs are implanted directly into the grey
matter of the brain during neurosurgery. As they
rest in the grey matter
• invasive devices produce the highest quality signals
of BCI devices implant electrodes directly onto a
patient’s brain.
19. Vision
• In vision science, direct brain implants have been
used to treat non-congenital (acquired) blindness.
• Example
20. Movement
• BCIs focusing on motor neuroprosthetics aim
to either restore movement in individuals with
paralysis or provide devices to assist them, such
as interfaces with computers or robot arms.
• Example
21. Partial Invasive BCI
• Partial-Invasive BCI devices are implanted inside the skull but
rest outside the brain rather than amidst the grey matter
• They produce better resolution signals than non-invasive BCIs
where the bone tissue of the cranium deflects and deforms
signals and have a lower risk of forming scar-tissue in the
brain than fully-invasive BCIs
22. Electrocorticography (ECoG)
• The practice of using electrodes placed directly on the
exposed surface of the brain to record electrical
activity from the cerebral cortex
• ECoG may be performed either in the operating room
during surgery (intraoperative ECoG) or outside of surgery
(extraoperative ECoG).
• It measures the electrical activity of the brain taken from
beneath the skull with the electrodes, embedded in a thin
plastic pad that is placed above the cortex
23. Non Invasive
• Medical scanning devices are placed over head of
user read brain signals
• Signals recorded have been used to power muscle
implant and restore partial movement
• Signals are very noisy and are often misunderstood
by computer poor signal resolution
24. Electroencephalography (EEG)
• Electroencephalography (EEG) is the most studied potential non-invasive interface,
mainly due to its fine sequential resolution, ease of use, portability and low set-up
cost.
• Provides an excellent sequential resolution any change in brain signals
• In EEG, the combined activity from the neurons are characterized by high
variability in the signal and large amounts of noise and artifacts
• The recording of electrical activity along the scalp produced by the firing of
neurons within the brain is captured by EEG transmitting it to computer device
enabling the control of computer through brain activity.
25. EEG Activity
• The electrical activity of the brain can be described in
scales from the currents within a single spine of
spinal cord to the upper part of brain that the EEG
records from the scalp
• Neurons create action, which are discrete electrical signals
that travel down axons and cause the release of chemical
neurotransmitters at the synapse, which is an area of near
contact between two neurons.
• The neurotransmitter, when combined with the receptor,
typically causes an electrical current within the dendrite or
body of the post-synaptic neuron.
26. Applications
• Adaptive BCI for Augmented Cognition and Action
• BCI offers paralyzed patients improved quality of life
• The Mental Typewriter
• Military and civil research
• Dream capture
• Used in artificial visioning
27. Cont.
• Provide communication, control, movement and environment to disable
people
• Develop intelligent devices that makes the patient relax.
• Can control wheel chairs, vehicles robots for disable people
• Allow “Google search” through brain.
• Used in bio engineering practices
• Allows patients to control computer through thoughts.
28. Present work and development
• Communication
• Neural Prosthetics
29. Advantages
• It allows better living and more features e.g hearing in an impaired person i.e.
hearing aid
• Removal of blindness i.e. helps a blind person to see.
• A person can play game with help of brain signals
• A person who don’t have hand or leg can do the work by robotic hand or leg
• For lie detecting test i.e. tell with help of signals whether telling truth or lie
• BCI’s are independent of languages hence can be used anywhere in the world
• Provided people a new area of research
30. Draw backs
• The brain is incredibly complex. A thought which comes in human mind is not always the result of simple electric
signals. There are chemical processes involved as well, which EEGs can't pick up
• The signal generated by brain is weak and affected by noise. EEGs measure tiny voltage potentials. Reading brain
signals is like listening to a bad phone connection. There is lots of motion.
• The equipment used are almost portable i.e. un-wired equipment but there are also some that are wired and are very
rare. Those that are wireless require the user to carry a computer that can weigh around 10 pounds
• Brain surgery for implantation might be risky and can cause a huge damage
• BCIs are very expensive
• They are slow in speed
• Extensive training is needed for BCI
31. Future Scope
• Direct control over the activities of all individual neurons by means
of nanorobots.
• Arbitrary read/write access to the whole brain.
• The line between the mind and the computer is blurred. Partial or full
uploading is possible and unavoidable.
• More direct links into the brain with the ability to read certain thoughts and
copy a wide range of data and information into various parts of the brain.
32. Conclusion
• Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a method of communication based on voluntary neural activity generated
by the brain and independent of its normal output pathways of peripheral nerves and muscles.
• There are many useful applications of brain computer interface it can be very helpful for people with moving
disabilities as human - machine interface. But it can be also used for control of human body muscles.
• There are also many possibilities in military domain.
• Detection techniques and experimental designs are improving rapidly, the BCI will improve as well and
would provide wealth alternatives for individuals to interact with their environment.
• BCI has opened many gates for disabled people
• BCI is a potential tool eliminating emotional sicknesses like depression from the people’s lives.
• There is a possibility that with the passage of time BCIs might become a part of our lives
