Vietnam seeks assistance from other countries to help develop its mountainous regions in a sustainable manner. The Minister of Ethnic Minorities and Mountainous Affairs met with delegates from France and other countries at the World Mountain Forum to discuss increasing cooperation on protecting natural resources and developing mountainous areas. The forum adopted a resolution calling on countries with forests and mountains to raise awareness of sustainable development in mountain regions.
Cloud Frontiers: A Deep Dive into Serverless Spatial Data and FME
Â
Gt luyen dich ta translation 3-4
1. 1
INTRODUCTION
TRANSLATION 4 is a basic course book written for the second-year students of the
Department of English, College of Foreign Languages, Hue University. It is intended to equip the
students with an overview of translating Vietnamese and English economic texts. It also helps the
students get familiar with the terms related to economy as well as the typical structures
frequently used in economic texts.
Since the course book has been written for the students to learn either by themselves or in class
with a teacher, there will be a course book and assignments. The course book contains the
Vietnamese and English economic texts with notes and suggested translations. The assignments
contain the Vietnamese and English economic texts that will be translated into either English or
Vietnamese by the students.
By the end of the course, the students will be able to:
- obtain general knowledge of the Vietnamese and English economic documents.
- get familiar with and effectively use scientific and technological terms and typical structures
of economic texts in their translations.
- accurately translate economic texts into English and Vietnamese.
On the completion of this course book, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Ton Nu
Nhu Huong for her encouragement. I would also like to be grateful to Dr. Tran Van Phuoc and
other colleagues of the College of Foreign Languages for their kind help.
Errors are unavoidable in this course book. Therefore, I appreciate and welcome any criticism on
the course book.
Hue, November 14th, 2006
Nguyen Van Tuan
2. 2
Chapter 1: GENERAL ECONOMIC ISSUES
Lesson 1: REFORESTATION AN UPHILL BATTLE IN
MOUNTAINOUS TAY NGUYEN
Tay Nguyen- the authorities and people in Tay Nguyen (the Western Highlands) have a battle on
their hand to protect and restore forests that have been relentlessly chopped down.
Spread over nearly 55,000sq.km, the forests in these regions are the countryâs largest. Actually
covering 2.93 million ha, it is 230,000 ha less than five years ago. Of the four Tay Nguyen
provinces, Dac Lac is the one with the largest wooded area and also the one losing the most
canopy each year an average of 40,000 ha.
The reason for losing the provincesâ âlungâ is not hard to find- the inexorable emigration of
people to these areas from the rest of the country since 1990. The population growth in these
provinces has been a stagering5 to 6 per cent every year. And Dac Lac alone houses 2,200
migrants.
With the influx came the usual accompanying problems: pressure on forestland for housing,
cultivating and fuel.
Another reason has been the creased cultivation of commercial crops like coffee, pepper, and
rubber. The total area under these has risen to 567,000 ha- double the 1996 figure.
But the government has become aware of the havoc that denudation of the forest cover could
wreak.
âTay Nguyen is seen as a common roof for the Central and South-eastern areas, but the regionâs
forests is enduring serious damage, illegal wood exploitation remains a headache, and the
environment is under great threat,â said Prime Minister Han Van Khaki when speaking about the
regionâs development.
He exhorted the Taiyo Nguyen provinces to keep a close eye on forest protection and
development, and set targets for the next five years to increase the area under forest cover in a bid
to ensure sustainable socio-economic development.
3. 3
The provincial authorities too have begun to get their act together. In ADC Lac, for instance,
billions of dong has been invested in aforestation activities under Programmes 327 and 661 and
the total reforested has reached about 10,000 ha.
But the figure is still minuscule when juxtaposed with the more than 200,000 ha that have been
felled since 1995.
Under the socio- economic development scheme for the 2001-05 period, Tay Nguyenâs provinces
have earmarked over 2.93million ha of existing forest areas for protection while reforesting
500,000 ha, so that the total forest cover would reach 64.3 per cent by 2005, an increase of 10 per
cent over the current figure.
To reach the goal through, the provinces need to raise awareness among the population, innovate
sustainable products and manufacturing methods and improve forest management and protection.
The forest plantation and communal forest management departments should be further
strengthened while economic sectors and households should be urged to take an active part in
protecting and managing forest areas.
At the moment some areas in Dac Lac Province have been moving in that direction and local
residents have proven willing to protect and develop forest areas to which they are given
possession rights.
Notes:
- battle : trĂn chiĂn
- to be chopped down : bà ŸÚn, bĂ chĂt
- emigration : di c-
- commercial crop: n«ng s¶n h”ng hož
- to become aware of : Ăœ thĂžc Âź-Ăźc
- sustainable : bĂn vĂ·ng
- to be strengthened : Âź-Ăźc tšng c-ĂȘng
Suggested Translation :
TRĂĂNG RĂĂNG Ă Ă CAĂC TĂNH MIĂĂN NUĂI TĂY NGUYĂN ĂANG
LAĂ MĂĂT VĂĂN ĂĂĂ KHOĂ KHĂN.
TĂĄy NguyĂŁn-ChĂȘnh quyãön vaĂŹ ngĂŠĂ„ĂŹi dĂĄn Ă„Ă TĂĄy NguyĂŁn gĂ Ă»p khoĂŻ khĂ n trong viĂŁĂ»c baĂo vĂŁĂ» vaĂŹ taĂŻi taĂ»o
nhĂŠĂźng khu rĂŠĂŹng bĂ« chĂ Ă»t phaĂŻ mĂ€ĂŒt caĂŻch nghiĂŁm troĂŒng.
VĂ„ĂŻi diĂŁĂ»n tĂȘch hĂ„n 50.000 km2, nhĂŠĂźng khu rĂŠĂŹng Ă„Ă ĂąaĂŻy laĂŹ lĂ„ĂŻn nhĂĄĂșt nĂŠĂ„ĂŻc,chiĂŁĂșm 2,93 ha nay chĂš coĂŹn
230.000 ha, thĂĄĂșp hĂ„n 5 nĂ m trĂŠĂ„ĂŻc ùåy.
4. 4
LyĂŻ do mĂĄĂșt Ăąi âlaĂŻ phÀÞiâ cuĂa nhĂŠĂźng tĂšnh naĂŹy khĂ€ng khoĂŻ tçm ra, ĂąoĂŻ laĂŹ do sĂŠĂ» di truĂŻ cuĂa nhĂŠĂźng ngĂŠĂ„ĂŹi
dĂĄn trong vuĂŹng ùãĂșn nhĂŠĂźng nĂ„i khaĂŻc. KĂŁĂž tĂŠĂŹ nĂ m 1999, tyĂ lĂŁĂ» gia tĂ ng dĂĄn sĂ€Ăș cuĂa nhĂŠĂźng tĂšnh naĂŹy tĂŠĂŹ
5 ùãĂșn 6% mĂ€Ăči mĂ m. ĂĂ Ă”c LĂ Ă”c coĂŻ khoaĂng 2200 hĂ€ĂŒ dĂĄn di truĂŻ.
MĂ€ĂŒt sĂ€Ăș vĂĄĂșn ùãö khaĂŻc ĂąaĂź naĂy sinh cuĂŹng vĂĄĂșn ùãö naĂŹy :aĂŻp lĂŠĂ»c ùÀĂși vĂ„ĂŻi ùåĂșt rĂŠĂŹng cho viĂŁĂ»c xĂĄy dĂŠĂ»ng nhaĂŹ
cĂŠĂa, trÀöng troĂŒt vaĂŹ lĂĄĂșy gĂ€Ăč.
MĂ€ĂŒt lyĂŻ do khaĂŻc laĂŹ gia tĂ ng viĂŁĂ»c trÀöng cĂĄy kinh tĂŁĂș nhĂŠ : caĂŹfĂŁ,tiĂŁu vaĂŹ cao su, tÀÞng diĂŁĂ»n tich ĂąaĂź tĂ ng
lĂŁn567.000 ha-gĂĄĂșp ùÀi con sĂ€Ăș nĂ m 1990.
NhĂŠng chĂȘnh phuĂ cuĂźng ĂąaĂź nhĂĄĂ»n thĂŠĂŻc ĂąĂŠĂ„ĂŒc vĂĄĂșn ùãö taĂŹn phaĂŻ naĂŹy seĂź coĂŻ thĂŁĂž coĂŹn tråöm troĂŒng hĂ„n.
âTĂĄy NguyĂŁn ĂąĂŠĂ„ĂŒc xem nhĂŠ mĂ€ĂŒt maĂŻi nhaĂŹ chung cho caĂŻc tĂšnh miãön trung vaĂŹ ùÀng nam. NhĂŠng
rĂŠĂŹng Äà ùåy Ăąang bĂ« taĂŹn phaĂŻ tråöm troĂŒng, naĂ»n khai thaĂŻc gĂ€Ăč traĂŻi pheĂŻp vĂĄĂčn laĂŹ mĂ€ĂŒt vĂĄĂșn ùãö nhĂŠĂŻc nhĂ€Ăși,
mĂ€i trĂŠĂ„ĂŹng dĂŠĂ„ĂŻi sĂŠĂ» Ăąe doĂŒa nghiĂŁm troĂŒngâ.thuĂ tĂŠĂ„ĂŻng chĂȘnh phuĂ Phan VĂ n KhaĂi ĂąaĂź noĂŻi khi noĂŻi
chuyĂŁĂ»n vãö sĂŠĂ» phaĂŻt triĂŁĂžn cuĂa nhĂŠĂźng tĂšnh naĂŹy.
ThuĂ tĂŠĂ„ĂŻng kĂŁu goĂŒi caĂŻc tĂšnh Tay NguyĂŁn haĂźy xem troĂŒng viĂŁĂ»c baĂo vĂŁĂ» vaĂŹ phaĂŻt triĂŁĂžn rĂŠĂŹng vaĂŹ ĂąaĂ»t ra kĂŁĂș
hoaĂ»ch cho nĂ m nĂ m tĂ„ĂŻi, ĂąeĂ coĂŻ thĂŁĂž tĂ ng diĂŁĂ»n tich rĂŠĂŹng ĂąĂŠĂ„ĂŒc baĂo vĂŁĂ» nhĂ ĂČm duy trç ĂąĂŠĂ„ĂŒc sĂŠĂ» phaĂŻt triĂŁĂžn
kinh tĂŁĂș xaĂź hĂ€ĂŒi.
ChĂȘnh quyãön caĂŻc tĂšnh cuĂźng ĂąaĂź hĂ„ĂŒp taĂŻc cuĂŹng nhau. ThĂŠĂ»c tĂŁĂș laĂŹ, haĂŹng tyà ùÀöng ĂąaĂź ĂąĂŠĂ„ĂŒc DĂ Ă”c LĂ Ă”c ùåöu
tĂŠ vaĂŹo viĂŁĂ»c trÀöng rĂŠĂŹng bĂ ĂČng caĂŻc chĂŠĂ„ng trçnh 327 vaĂŹ 661 vaĂŹ tÀÞng diĂŁĂ»n tĂȘch rĂŠĂŹng taĂŻi taĂ»o ĂąaĂź lĂŁn ùãĂșn
khoaĂng10.000 ha.
NhĂŠng con sĂ€Ăș vĂĄĂčn coĂŹn rĂĄĂșt nhoĂ khi so saĂŻnh vĂ„ĂŻi hĂ„n 200.000 ha ĂąaĂź bĂ« phaĂŻ huĂy kĂŁĂž tĂŠĂŹ nĂ m 1995.
DĂŠĂ»a vaĂŹo sĂ„ ùÀö phaĂŻt triĂŁĂžn kinh tĂŁĂș xaĂź hĂ€ĂŒi trong giai ĂąoaĂ»n 2001-2005,caĂŻc tĂšnh TĂĄy NguyĂŁn seĂź ĂąoĂŻng
khung hĂ„n 2,93 triĂŁĂ»u ha diĂŁĂ»n tĂȘch rĂŠĂŹng Ăąang coĂŹn ùãÞ baĂo vĂŁĂ» trong khi taĂŻi taĂ»o 500. 000 ha rĂŠĂŹng,ùãÞ
tÀÞng diĂŁĂ»n tĂȘch rĂŠĂŹng bao phuĂ coĂŻ thĂŁĂž lĂŁn tĂ„ĂŻi 64,3% vaĂŹo nĂ m 2005, tĂ ng 10% so vĂ„ĂŻi con sĂ€Ăș ban ùåöu.
ĂĂŁĂž ĂąaĂ»t ĂąĂŠĂ„ĂŒc kĂŁĂș hoaĂ»ch naĂŹy, chĂȘnh quyãön caĂŻc tĂšnh cåön phaĂi tĂ ng cĂŠĂ„ĂŹng nhĂĄĂ»n thĂŠĂŻc cho ngĂŠĂ„ĂŹi
dĂĄn,ùÀöng thĂ„ĂŹi ĂŠĂŻng duĂ»ng nhĂŠĂźng phĂŠĂ„ng tiĂŁĂ»n mĂ„ĂŻi nhĂ ĂČm caĂi thiĂŁĂ»n cĂ€ng taĂŻc quaĂn lyĂŻ vaĂŹ baĂo vĂŁĂ» rĂŠĂŹng.
CĂ€ng taĂŻc trÀöng rĂŠĂŹng cåön phaĂi ĂąĂŠĂ„ĂŒc quan tĂĄm hĂ„n. NghaĂŹnh kiĂŁĂžm lĂĄm cåön tĂ ng cĂŠĂ„ĂŹng cĂ€ng taĂŻc baĂo
vĂŁĂ» rĂŠĂŹng. CaĂŻc nghaĂŹnh kinh tĂŁĂș vaĂŹ caĂŻc hĂ€ĂŒ gia ùçnh cåön ĂąoĂŻng mĂ€ĂŒt vai troĂŹ tĂȘch cĂŠĂ»c hĂ„n trong viĂŁĂ»c quaĂn
lyĂŻ vaĂŹ baĂo vĂŁĂ» rĂŠĂŹng.
HiĂŁĂ»n taĂ»i, mĂ€ĂŒt sĂ€Ăș vuĂŻng Ă„Ă tĂšnh ĂĂ Ă”c LĂ Ă”c ĂąaĂź vaĂŹ Ăąang Ăąi theo hĂŠĂ„ĂŻng vĂŠĂŹa nĂŁu. ChĂȘnh quyãön ùëa phĂŠĂ„ng
ĂąaĂź nĂĄng cao nhĂĄĂ»n thĂŠĂŻc vãö viĂŁĂ»c baĂo vĂŁĂ» vaĂŹ phaĂŻt triĂŁĂžn nhĂŠĂźng khu rĂŠĂŹng maĂŹ hoĂŒ ĂąaĂź ĂąĂŠĂ„ĂŒc giao khoaĂŻn.
5. 5
Lesson 2 : VIETNAM SEEKS ASSISTANCE FOR HIGHLANDS
DEVELOPMENTS
Hanoi - Vietnam wishes to exchange experiences and co-operate with other countries in
making its mountainous regions prosperous and stable, says Hoang Duc Nghi, Minister
and Chairman of the Committee for Ethnic Minorities and Mountainous Affairs.
Speaking at the World Mountain Forum held in French cities of Paris and Chambery last
week, Nghi said that the Vietnamese Government welcomes the UN declaration of 2002
as the International Year of Mountains.
Vietnam is facing difficulties and challenges in checking deforestation and degradation of
land resources, and is committed to pursuing areas strategy of protecting natural resources
through sustainable exploitation, he said.
Nghi met with French and other delegates and discussed measures to heighten co-
operation in the development of mountainous regions.
The forum adopted a resolution calling on 140 countries having forests and mountains in
the world to raise awareness of the important role of mountainous regions, define
orientations for sustainable development of the areas in coming years, and increase
exchange of experiences and co-operation.
The seven-day forum, jointly organized by France, the UN, EU, and the World Bank,
wrapped up on Monday.
Notes:
- stable : ĂŠn ÂźĂnh
- to face : Ÿ-ng Ÿ”u
- challenge : thžch thÞc
- orientation : ÂźĂnh h-Ăng
- sustainable : phžt triĂn bĂn vĂ·ng
9. 9
Lesson 4 : POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
STRUCTURE
Viet Nam is a socialist republic furnished with a constitution since 1980 and based on a tripartite
political structure: the Communist Party of Vietnam, the people and the State. A characteristic
feature is the very important place occupied by the Party, which waged the liberation struggles
leading to the independence of North Viet Nam in 1954 and then to the reunification of the
country in 1975.
The Party, whose best known bodies are the Political Bureau, the Secretariat, the Central
Committee and the Congress, conducts the affairs of the country. It draws up the lists of
candidates for general elections from which delegates to the National Assembly are chosen; the
Assembly in turn elects the members of the Council of Ministers which appoints ministers to
head the ministries.
The party provides the leaders of the very active mass organizations which form the front for the
Fatherland and cover all sections of the population: labour, trade unions, Association of
Collective Farmers, Union of Women, Union of Youth, Union of Intellectuals, Union of
Catholics, and Union of Buddhists.
The administrative matters are carried out in four-tiered structure from the central level, down
through the 44 provinces, and the 519 districts to the 9,807 communes at the grassroots level.
Planning
Viet Nam's overall planning system is centralized, but there is flexibility in development
planning, investment programming, budgeting, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of
sectoral projects. At central level, development policies are determined by the State Council and
Council of Ministers with the State Planning Commission providing technical guidance.
The State Planning Commission (SPC), as the technical arm of the Council of Ministers, plays
the leading role in national planning, investment programming, budget allocation and monitoring
of socio-economic development trends and sectoral performance. It coordinates plans for
donor assistance and identifies priority programmes for intervention, in collaboration with the
line ministries, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, State Committee for Foreign Investment and
Cooperation, State Committee for Science, Committee on Aid Reception and the People's
Committees. The SPC formulates mid-term and annual investment plans and prepares the
relevant budgets for approval by the Council of Ministers. CERFC, the aid co-ordination
committee, works closely with SPC to identify government policies, plans and priorities.
14. 14
The 1988 GDP sectoral shares were agriculture 39.2 percent, industry 27.4 per cent,
commerce 11.8 per cent, transportation and communication and construction 2.0 per cent
each and other services 11.0 per cent.
Under the economic reform process, agricultural sector development is the main core of the
programme. It provides a livelihood for two thirds of the total labour force, and accounts
for 30 per cent of export earnings. Official data indicates that 53 per cent of agriculture
output is produced by individual farmers, 45 per cent by co-operatives, and 2 per cent by
state farms.
Industrial output is produced by state enterprises (more than 50 per cent), co-operatives
(more than 25 per cent) and by individuals (16 percent). There are 700 state enterprises,
engaged mainly in heavy industry. The provincial and district authorities control 2,300 light
industries. Co-operatives are dominant in small scale industries and individuals in
handicrafts.
Overall industrial output grew at an average annual rate of 10 per cent between 1984 and
1988, but heavy industry only recorded a 6 per cent annual rise, reflecting mixed
development initiatives. Light industry increased over 10 per cent annually with high
production rates of tea, salt, sugar, porcelain, and some export goods. However, some
locally produced goods (i.e. beer, matches, and cigarettes) could hardly compete with
imports which increased following the reduction in bordertensions and the introduction of
more liberal trading policies.
Vietnam is endowed with rich sources of energy, the major ones being the Quang Ninh coal
mine area, off-shore oil and gas fields in the south. In addition, the Mekong and Red rivers
have high potential for hydro-electric development. At present hydro-electric power
accounts for 25.7 per cent of the total power generated in the country (1988), and it has now
increased with the development of the Hoa Binh hydro-electric power plant which provides
rural electricity. The forest resources need to be developed and studied as they could be a
good source of energy in the future. Firewood currently constitutes the main source of fuel
for households in rural areas. Coal production is around 6-7 million tons per year and has
been growing gradually during the decade. The average yearly production of electricity was
almost 7 million KWh., 66 per cent thermo-electric. The per capita energy consumption is
fairly low at 109.1 KWh of electricity and 108.3 kilogrammes of coal (1988 figures).
The transport, communication and construction share in GDP has been insignificant.
This is a reflection of the low investment and monopoly by the state enterprises and
cooperatives. Under utilization of roads, railways, airports and harbours is also due to poor
maintenance and management.
15. 15
Commerce accounts for about 12 per cent of GDP, with 60 per cent coming from sales of
agricultural products, the remainder being industrial and handicraft goods. In 1987 one
quarter of retail sales were estimated to be through the free market.
17. 17
In 1988, 72 per cent of the total labour force was working in the agricultural sector, 90 per
cent of them in co-operatives. The state sector (Government and state enterprises) employed
4.3 mill ion people (15 per cent of the total labour force). The central government had about
330,000 staff on its payroll, while local government services absorbed over 1.2 million. The
private sector employed 3.6 million people or 12.5 per cent of the national labour force.
In the 1980s Vietnam sent 220,000 workers overseas, 210,000 to socialist countri es, and
10,000 to Africa and the Middle East. These numbers are expected to substantially decline
due to recent changes in Eastern Europe, thus increasing further the unemployment problems.
Wage trends and policies: In the past, the incomes of civil servants and state enterprises
employees included subsidized prices for rationed goods, subsidised housing, health,
transportation and use of otherpublic utilities. Individual contributions for pensions and social
security were minimal, as most of these expenses were financed from the national budget.
In January 1989, the Government implemented a comprehensive restructuring of the wages of
government workers with a consolidation of consumer subsidies into the nominal wage
structure. Though the minimum wage increased from 5,497 dong to 22,500 dong per month
(equivalent US$5.35), real salaries have declined substantially as a result of high inflation
between 1985-1988.
Pricing
In 1981, the Government introduced a number of measures to bring the administrativ e prices
in the North closer to the free market prices. During 1985, another price reform was initiated
to reduce price distortions and do away with subsidies at all levels of the economy.
The system of differentiated consumer prices was abolished, but the rationing system for
essential consumer goods (rice, sugar, kerosene, soap, fish sauce, and pork) was retained. The
effect was a ten fold increase in the price of rice between 1987 and 1990. The current price of
rice is 800-1,000 dongs per kilogramme depending on quality. However, social benefit items
such as electricity, water, house rent, medicines and paper are still subsidized by the
Government. Currently the pricing of agricultural and industrial goods fairly reflects actual
market prices.
Inflation rate
Between 1985 and 1988, the average annual inflation rate was almost 300 per cent. In 1986 it
reached 487 per cent. The effect of government fiscal monetary reform was to bring down the
monthly inflation rate to an average of 14.5 per cent in 1988 and only 2.3 per cent in 1989
21. 21
Production and Yields
Rice represents 86-88 per cent of the total food crop production. From 1976 to 1989, the per hectare
paddy yield increased from 2.2 tons to 3.2 tons, which is similar to the average yield of other Asian
developing countries.
The other food crops (maize, cassava, Irish and sweet potatoes, soybeans, groundnuts and other
staple foods) have yielded an average of two tons per hectare since 1984.
The main constraints to improvements in crop yield are the lack of fertilizers (currently the lowest
in Asia), insufficient pesticides due to a shortage of foreign exchange; problems with the seed
multiplication system; inequities in the geographical distribution of agricultural supplies (the North
is highly privileged and the central areas deprived); lack of spare parts and poor maintenance of
farm equipment; inappropriate machinery for family farm use.
Production
From 1976 to 1989, total food production increased to 7.9 million tons. The food production
increase from 1976 to 1981 was due to an extension of the cultivated paddy area, but from 1981 to
1989 it was due to an improvement in the rice yield. At the same time, the area of cultivation of
other food crops has not increased significantly. It appears that the food policy in V iet Nam has
emphasized paddy, while rather neglecting support for other food crops so their production growth
has been irregular. This irregularity is an element of food insecurity and an indicator of structural
difficulties in managing production factors.
Vietnamese agriculture is thus becoming virtually a rice monoculture creating a monotonous and
high starch diet for the population and aggravating the potential risks of natural disasters and pest
hazards.
Half of the cultivated land lies in the long and narrow coastal strip and the highland. This
region, which covers 89 per cent of the country's total land area and contains 58 percent of
the population, has great potential for further agricultural expansion but investment costs
would be high as the infrastructure is currently weak.
Geographical variations in food production
Food production varies from one province to the next. The Mekong delta is a grain surplus area,
while the Red River delta and central regions are traditionally grain deficient. The production of
roots and tubers tends to be concentrated in the northern, central and coastal provinces (cassava
and sweet potatoes) and in some provinces of the Red River delta (Irish potatoes).
22. 22
Food availability
The per capita food availability figure is a theoretical measurement of food supply, calculated by
dividing the total food produced by the number of inhabitants. In Viet Nam the figure is given in
terms of rice paddy and all secondary food crops such as maize, cassava, potatoes, sesame,
soybeans and groundnuts are given an equivalent value. Pulses and oilseeds are not included, but
nor is any allowance made for post-harvest losses, seeds or milling so the figure may be slightly
overestimated.
A theoretical food availability of 300 kilogrammes of paddy per year can be roughly estimated at
1,600 calories per person per day. However, according to food consumption surveys, basic
foodstuffs represent 85 percent of the total calorie intake, so the food availability of 300
kilogrammes gives a potential 1,840 calories per person per day. But this is still 260 calories
below the accepted requirement, so the country can hardly be termed self-sufficient until the food
availability figure reaches 340 kilogrammes of paddy per person per year. Moreover, the national
average value does not take regional variations into account. These are particularly significant in
Viet Nam where the distribution and transportation infrastructure is weak.
From 1983 to 1986, the food availability was around 300 kilogrammes paddy. In 1987, food
production decreased due to typhoons, floods and rice pests and there were estimated to be only
280 kilogrammes paddy-equivalent/per year per inhabitant, covering only 82 per cent of the
energy requirement. The central provinces experienced severe shortages that year. In 1988, the
harvest was much better, so production reached 307 kilogrammes paddy per inhabitant. In 1989,
growth was maintained, surpassing the population growth rate for the first time. The food
availability figure was given as 310 kilogrammes. It would have been 332 kilogrammes if the 1.4
millions of rice had not been exported. The spectacular progress in 1988 and 1989 was due to
increases in the paddy yield. Indeed with great dependency on rice, the Vietnamese diet has
become more and more monotonous and unbalanced. Thus the quantitative and qualitative
insufficiency of the food production is a basic factor of malnutrition in Vietnam.
Inter household distribution of energy intake
A survey undertaken by the National Institute of Nutrition of 1,251 households, showed that 9
percent were experiencing starvation (below 1,500 calories per person per day), 15 per cent
suffered from food shortages (1,500-1,800 calories per person per day), and 23 per cent were in a
more or less satisfactory situation (1,800-2,100 kcal) and 54 per cent had over 2,100 kcal/day,
considered satisfactory.
The energy availability distribution varies widely from one region to another. The central region
experiences serious food shortages with 34 per cent of the households in the northern central
provinces and 20 percent in the south central province consuming less than 1,800 calories per
person per day. This is where the food situation requires urgent intervention.
29. 29
- cĂĄi kỳ áșŁo: marvel/miracle
- vĂčng sĂŽng nÆ°á»c lung linh: glittering water
- thá» hiá»n: demonstrate/show/indicate/perform/express
- hoáșĄt Äá»ng thÆ°ÆĄng máșĄi: commercial activity
- láșp thĂ nh tháșż vững: provide a vantage for
- máșĄng lÆ°á»i kĂȘnh ráșĄch: network of rivers and canals
- cĂĄi duyĂȘn: great boon
- cĂł má»t khĂŽng hai: second to none/unique
- giá»ng: be similar to/the same as/like
- thoĂĄt khá»i: escape
- thủ phủ: capital city
- Äiá»m xuáș„t phĂĄt: departure point
30. 30
Suggested Translation:
Economic Stability & Development in the Past Few Years
1. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development has required city and provincial peopleâs
committees and relevant ministries maintain strict prevention of the epidemic. Localities are
required to closely manage infected animals and ban trade and movement of infected animals.
The culling of infected animals will be implemented following the health sectorâs regulations.
Vaccination should play an important role in controlling a future foot-and-mouth outbreak in
Vietnam.
2. In 2005, trade returns of Samsung electronics reached USD 233 million. But in 2006 this
figure is estimated to be USD 335 million. With the motto of âbeing slow but firmâ, a joint
venture project named âSavannaâ (Samsung Vietnam) has come into existence and begun its
operation with a total investment capital of USD 78 million. Samsung has mobilized an
investment capital of USD 300 million in many fields such as electronics, synthetic fiber, houses
for lease. But the other projects in fields like heavy industry, processing industry and
construction are only feasibility studies. Currently in Vietnam, Samsung is a big sponsor. In
addition to financing many big and small-scale sport championships. Samsung has also granted
USD 1.2 million for foreign language study programs and gymnastic training.
3. The manufacturing sector expanded significantly during the post-World War II reconstruction
of the Philippine economy. Government controls on imports promoted the development of light
industries that produced consumer goods for the domestic market. In the 1970s the government
created four special economic zones designed to stimulate manufacturing for the export market.
Industries in these export-processing zones receive incentives to produce traditional exports. The
zones have helped to stimulate foreign investment in the Philippine economy, in part because
they are exempt from certain taxes and restrictions on foreign ownership of businesses. The
success of these zones has led to the creation of other types of special economic zones, such as
large industrial estates. Businesses receive tax exemptions and other incentives in these zones.
The former U.S. naval base at Subic Bay, for example, is now a huge industrial-commercial zone
in Manila. Its modern facilities and duty-free economic zone have attracted new export-focused
industries and foreign investment
4. Vietnam has sought to maintain socio-politic stability, develop economic and diplomatic
establishment in recent years. The positive legal changes have had a tremendous influence on the
production, financial and commercial situations. Vietnam ranked as the worldâs second-largest
rice exporter to Thailand because its agriculture responded dramatically to free market. In
manufacturing and service activities the rapid growth and change occurred in and around HCM
City. Much economic expansion was partially driven by an influx of investment and technology
from some 2 million overseas Vietnamese in many different countries worldwide, most of whom
had returned to Vietnam for their investment and contacts with their relatives.
5. Only a year after the US embargo was lifted, soft drink giants such as Coca Cola and Pepsi
Cola, which have enjoyed superior advantages in capital, marketing policies and preferences
under the Foreign Investment Law, have gradually eaten into the market shares of local
producers. Other products are also in the same situation. Saigon Beer has to compete fiercely
31. 31
with breweries of foreign Joint-ventures. Local detergent producers, although capable of meeting
domestic demand to the year 2005, have driven into the corner by giants such as Procter &
Gamble and Unilever.
6. To protect domestic production, local producers have proposed several measures to the
Government. First, the State should devise specific development plans for foreign investment in
terms of business field and geographical area and should not encourage foreign investment in
products which local enterprises can produce such as soft drink, detergent, paper and cigarettes.
Second, licenses should be granted only to JVs or foreign-owned enterprises which involve in
projects requiring large capital, advanced technology or producing goods for export. Third, a law
should be enacted against unfair competition that can lead to monopoly, dumping or price
inflation that does not benefit consumers.
7. In Vietnamese the word ânuocâ carry a double meaning of âcountryâ and âwaterâ, a linguistic
association recognizable after a journey to the most fertile land in Vietnam- the Mekong Delta.
The silt from the Mekong River helps to bring an ample granary representing the whole country
source of food as well as the local inhabitantsâ riverside lifestyle. For tourists, the Mekong Delta
is one of the most fascinating tourist destinations in South-east Asia. It offers the marvel of the
glittering waters coupled with the gaiety of a culture demonstrated by the local lifestyle and
commercial activities. The big cities such as Can Tho, My Tho and Long Xuyen provide a
vantage for the nine provinces of the Mekong Delta while the immense network of rivers and
canals is regarded as the great boon second to none in this region. The exciting life in this region
is not very similar to that in HCM City. However, it does not suggest any difficulty in reaching
the Mekong Delta to escape the excitement of the greatest city in Southern Vietnam. It takes only
a three-hour drive( by bus, though) on the National Highway Number 1 to get to My Tho, the
capital of Tien giang & an ideal departure point for exploring this delta region.
34. 34
Suggested Translation:
KEY ECONOMIC SECTORS
Major economic indicators this year show Vietnam is on the right path of development as most
targets will be realized and achievements will be higher than expected.
According to a government report read by Prime Minister Phan Van Khai at the National
Assembly's 8th session, all the key economic targets of this year will be achieved with the
economic growth rate estimated at 6.7%. Industrial value is projected to grow by 15.5% against
the planned target of 11%. The non-State sector will post the highest growth rate at 18.8%,
followed by the foreign investment sector with 17.3% and the State sector with 12.4%.
Agricultural production will increase to 4.9% against the 4% target, and the service sector will
also rise by 6% against the 5 - 5.5% target.
Overall investment in the year is estimated at 27,9% of the gross domestic product (GDP), an
increase of 20% on last year. State budget makes up 23.8% of the amount, State credits 17%,
State corporate sector 17.9% and the private sector 23.2%.
Budget revenues will rise 8.9% from last year and exceed the target. Export sales are expected to
reach US$ 14 billion, up 21.3% against the target of 11 - 12% set at the beginning of the year.
The per capita export earnings has reached US$ 180, surpassing the US$ 170 mark, a criterion for
a country 's with developed external trade. Trade surplus will be confined to a healthy rate of 7%
of export earnings.
The report attributes the good economic performance to bigger Government investment, small
enterprise development and strong revenues from crude oil exports. It hails the signing of the
Vietnam-US. Trade agreement and the establishment of the stock market as important factors to
fuel future growth. However, it stresses further economic and administrative reform is needed to
sustain and accelerate the growth tempo. Foreign investment remains low and State enterprise
reform is moving slowly. Meanwhile, the economy still faces big challenges, evidenced by poor
competitiveness and low added value industrial production, low prices of agro-products and poor
quality in services.
The report also proposes some measures to overcome challenges and achieve higher growth next
year. These measures include stronger reform of State-owned enterprises, encouragement of the
private sector's participation in education, health care, urban sanitation and some other public
services.
The national Assembly session, starting from Nov.14, is expected to pass the Law on Insurance
Business, the Law on Drug Control and the legal agenda for 2001. The one-month long session
will also discuss directions and tasks for 2001 and issues regarding the budget, defense, security
and State programs.
35. 35
Lesson 11: TOURISM GROWING AS HOTEL OCCUPANCY DROPS
HCM CITY - The number of foreign tourists arriving in Viet Nam has been increasing
year after year. On average, it grows by 30 per cent a year, according to recent statistics
released from Viet Nam Tourism Administration.
Though the number of tourists is on the rise, occupancy rates of hotels have dropped
significantly as compared to previous years. Over the past six years, joint - venture hotels
and guest houses operated at an average capacity rate of 85 to 90 per cent. They are now
operating at a capacity rate of only 60 per cent. A rate which is much worse than that of
state - owned hotels and private guest - houses.
One of the main reasons for the decline in hotel capacity rates is the mushrooming of
joint-venture hotels which has caused severe competition among hotels for room - rates
and hotel services.
Several hotels have become burdens to their owners, with low gross earnings and high
taxes, many are about to be forced to close down.
Most foreign visitors have come here eager to experience something new and to travel to
places of wild and natural beauty during their stay. For this reason, Viet Nam's tourist
industry needs to reorganize its management and set goals in order to satisfy the current
demands of tourists.
Though there has been growth in the number of tourists over the past several years, the
number of visitors that come for a second visit is low. It is evident that the attraction of
Vietnam's tourist industry is still inadequate and tourist sites, transport and
accommodation facilities have not yet reached international standards. The country now
has some 22 provinces and cities which have completed detailed master plans for tourist
resorts.
However, these projects are yet to be developed and are still under discussion. Even though each
year the government has spent tens of billion of dongs on upgrading national historical relics and
tourist resorts, due to a lack of management expertise and investment knowledge, these sites have
failed to help boost the development of the tourist industry. To improve quality of tourist resorts
and to boost hotel operations, Viet Nam's tourism industry now requires more investment from
the government.
38. 38
Lesson 12: ADJUSTMENTS NEEDED TO SOCIAL
INSURANCE SCHEME
Generally, after a time of stagnation, HCMC' s private textile embroidery industry has recovered
and develop somewhat since 1991. Yet development is not stable because most private units
work according to foreign orders. Consequently, they can't control their production plan, and
labour price for making garments is limited by foreign partners (the labour cost of 1995 is equal
to 65 - 70% of that in 1991 - 1992). Due to the very nature of the industry, the average wage of
those working in this branch is only about VND 400,000 per month. Under the current fierce
competition, the amount of 15% of total wages for social insurance and 2% for medical insurance
that enterprises must contribute, if the proposed social insurance scheme comes into effect, will
push up production costs to very high levels, making it difficult for Vietnamese ventures to
compete effectively and occupy the market.
To help private textile embroidery businesses survive, Mr. Nam has suggested, the State should
amend the contribution rate of non - State ventures to Social Insurance schemes, as follows:
- Social Insurance: 10% by enterprise, 3% by employee.
- Medical Insurance: 1 % by enterprises, 1 % by employee
The State should also issue a regulation concerning employees who are trained and recruited by
an enterprise, and are obligated to work for at least two years. It is necessary that employees
working at non-- State ventures should be given a work card. Employer agreement may be
required if an employee want to leave his or her job.
All members of HCMC's Textile - Embroidery Association agree on the implementation of
contributing a part of total wages to Social and Medical Insurance, in compliance with the Labour
Code.
LOCAL PRODUCERS COMPLAIN ABOUT UNEQUAL COMPETITION
Business leaders of big companies in HCMC have voiced difficulties they are facing with in the
fierce competition against foreign companies, especially world giants.
At a meeting on "How to encourage foreign investment and protect domestic production" held in
HCMC last week, producers of Tico and Lux Detergent, P/S Cosmetics, Tribeco Soft Drink, Viet
Thang Textiles, Saigon Beer and HCMC Poultry Company, had the same opinion that local
enterprises are not in an equal footing in competing with foreign counterparts as they do not
enjoy tax incentives as foreign-invested enterprises.