this is the detail documents in which you will know the wild life in pakistan which include birds, mammals, reptiles, insects carnivorious, herbivorious etc
2. • Wildlife is a term that does not enjoy a precise
meaning
• Wildlife
All living things outside direct human control
Plants and animals that are not cultivated or
domesticated
A practical definition: any free-living vertebrate
animals, often excluding fish
Wildlife
3. Wildlife management is the application of ecological knowledge
to populations of vertebrate animals and their plant and
animal associates in a manner that keeps a balance between the
needs of those populations and the needs of people.
5. • Economic and Ecological value
• We are destroying species biodiversity more quickly than new
species can evolve.
• It will take 5 million years for speciation to rebuild the
animals and plants we will destroy in 100 years.
• Preserve species for their instrumental value.
Importance of wild life
6. • Medicinal properties
• Genetic information and variability
• Recreational value
• Eco-tourism _ livelihood
• Preserving and conserving plants and animals is
much more economically wise than destroying
them.
Economic and ecological value
7. ENDEMIC & ENDANGERED SPECIES
ENDANGERED SPECIES
A plant, animal or microorganism that is in immediate risk of biological extinction is called
endangered species or threatened species.
Endangered or threatened species is one whose number has been reduced to a critical number.
Unless it is protected and conserved, it is in immediate danger of extinction.
Vulnerable species is one whose population is facing continuous decline due to habitat
destruction or over exploitation. However, it is still abundant.
Rare species is localized within a restricted area or is thinly scattered over an extensive area.
Such species are not endangered or vulnerable.
Endemic species: Species that are found only in a particular region are known as endemic species.
There are six endemic mammal species in Pakistan. Among them woolly flying squirrel found
in the northern mountains of Gilgit and Chitral, and the Indus are endangered.
Other threatened species include the Balochistan black bear, the snow leopard and markhor,
Marco Polo sheep, goitred gazelle, and urial .
8. Contd..
Pakistan does not have a fully endemic bird species. The species of pheasants,
the western tragopan, and the cheer pheasant, together with the great Indian
bustard are listed as endangered.
Of the 174 species of reptiles recorded in Pakistan, 18 are endemic: 13 lizards
and 5 snakes.
Four species are listed as endangered: the green turtle, the olive ridley turtle,
the gharial and the Central Asian cobra.
The amphibian fauna of the country is poor with only 16 recorded species.
Two species of frogs, Rana hazarensis and Tomopterna strachani are endemic.
Fish diversity is highest in the Indus river plain and the Himalayan foothills. Of
the 156 native fresh water fish species, 17 are endemic.
9. Contd..
The Karakoram, Himalayan and Hindu Kush mountains are home to 41
species of endemic butterflies with a notable variety of Apollo butterflies of
the genus Parnassius.
Of the nearly 5,600 species of vascular plants recorded in Pakistan, around
400 species — 7.1% of the total flora — are endemic. Centres of endemism
are in the northern and western mountains at altitudes above 1,200 m where
90% of the endemics are found.
Deforestation and overgrazing are threatening the flora of Pakistan and the
tree Ulmus wallichiana is listed as an endangered species.
There are an estimated 2,000 medicinal plants that could play an important
role in the country’s economy.
10. Threats to Wildlife Biodiversity
Population Growth
The principal threat to biodiversity comes from the increased pressure on
natural resources produced by high population growth and demands for
increased standards of living. The process of economic development itself
widens inequality and may force the poor to depend heavily on natural
resources.
Irrigated Agriculture
It is another major threat to the forests of Pakistan, which are fastly
disappearing
Riverine forests were rich in a wide variety of plants such as obhan, and animals
like hog, deer, jungle cat, fishing cat, and gray and black partridges.
Mangrove forests are particularly important habitats for certain fish species as
noted earlier. Both have been identified as endangered ecosystems, and if they
disappear they take with them a unique association of species.
If they require water diversions at times when irrigation demands are high and
water supplies are short, the chances of being able to maintain them are low.
11. Contd..
Hunting
Hunting has deep roots in Pakistani culture. It was the recreation of the
Moghul emperors and is still extremely popular today. Wild animals have been
hunted to extinction.
Various lizards and snakes are hunted for their skins, as are crocodiles and the
larger mammals.
Disturbing the natural order has other more subtle consequences. The
increase in the numbers of wild boars, jackals, for example, is directly
attributable to the elimination of their predators, particularly the large cats. A
greater number of wild boars has led to reduction in the numbers of snakes,
which in turn has led to an increase in the number of rats, responsible for
post-harvest losses of grain.
12. Contd…
Deforestation and Loss of Habitat
A greater threat to wildlife than hunting, however, is probably the
disappearance of habitat or the competition with domestic grazing animals.
The closed canopy forest in the KPK is reported to be shrinking at approximately
1% per year.
More significant is the persistent, incremental incursions into the forest by
subsistence farmers; the killing of trees, burning; the development of small
agricultural plots among the trees; and excessive grazing by domestic animals.
13. • Aldo’s wildlife management sequence
Restriction of hunting
Predator control
Reservation of game lands
Artificial replenishment
Environmental control
Habitat improvement
Wild life management techniques
Father of wildlife management (aldo )
14. • Preservation
Without human intervention (with out
consumption)
• Conservation
wise use of natural resource
• Direct manipulation
Animal populations are manipulated via removal of
individuals
shooting, trapping, poisoning, contraception, etc…
• Indirect manipulation
Habitat alterations cause animal populations to
respond
vegetation, water, or food - habitat component
altered
Basic management approaches
15. • Laws:
• Wildlife laws must be implemented
• Based on biological facts
• Game laws are necessary
• Habitat Management:
– Manipulate Vegetation (controlled burning, selective
forestry and food planting)
– Manage Habitat Diversity
• Stocking:
– Release wildlife species in areas that have suitable
habitat but no animal population
Wildlife management tools
16. • Hunting and Trapping:
– Valuable tools for maintaining carrying capacity
– Goal is to regulate hunting so only excess animals in a
population are removed.
• Public Education and awareness:
– Public understanding of Wildlife Management Programs.
– The more people know and understand wildlife and its needs,
the more likely they will support management programs
17. • WWF (world wide fund )
• IUCN (international union of conserving nature)
• ISLT (international snow leopard trust)
• SLN (Snow Leapord Network)
• SNC (Snow Leapord Conservancy)
• WSPA (World society for the protection of animals)
International organizations
18. • SCOPE (Society For Conservation And Protection Of
Environment)
• PAWS (Pakistan Animal Welfare Society)
• SNT (Shimla Nature Trust)
• HWF (Himalayan Wild life Foundation)
• BRC (Bioresearch Resource Centre)
• PGFA (Pakistan Game Fish Association)
National organization
19. • PaCOW (Pakistan Society For Conservation Of Wildlife)
• Houbara Foundation International (Pakistan)
• BCP (Bird Watchers Club Of Pakistan).
20. • Punjab wildlife and park department
• Sindh wildlife department
• Balochistan wildlife department
• KPK wildlife department
• Northern area wildlife department
• Sarhad conservation network
Provincial Departments
21. • Himalayan jungle project (HJP)
• Palas conservation and development project (PCDP)
• Marine turtle conservation project
• Kirthar national project (KNP)
• Torghar conservation project (Balochistan)
• Conservation of Chilghoza Forest and associated biodiversity
of the Suleiman Range, Balochistan
Wildlife Conservation Projects In Pakistan
22. • Mountain Areas Conservancy Project (MACP)
• Conservation of migratory birds in Chitral, KPK
• Conservation of Chiltan Markhor in the Hazar ganji Chiltan
National Park.
• Protection and Management of Pakistan Wetlands Project
• Protected Areas Management Project
• Maintaining biodiversity with rural community development
23. CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
A convention was signed in 1992 by 156 nations (including Pakistan) at the
UN Conference on Environment and Development, the Earth Summit, in
Rio de Janeiro.
The convention stipulates that parties must:
develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of
biological resources
establish protected areas , control alien species and establish conservation
facilities
establish training and research programmes for the conservation and
sustainable use of biodiversity and support such programmes in developing
countries;
24. Contd..
promote public education and awareness regarding conservation and sustainable
use of biodiversity;
carry out an environment impact assessment prior to any proposed project that
may reduce biodiversity;
recognize the right of governments to regulate access to their own genetic
resources, and wherever possible, grant other parties access to genetic resources
for environmentally sound uses;
encourage technology and biotechnology transfer, particularly to developing
countries;
establish an information exchange between the parties on all subjects relevant to
biodiversity;
promote technical and scientific cooperation between parties, particularly
between developing countries, to enable them to implement the convention;
