everyday science

1. Contributions of Muslim
Scientists

2. Muhammad Bin Musa Al-Khawarizmi
• Contributed to the fields of Mathematics, Astronomy and Geography.
• Composed the methods of arithmetics (algebra) and astronomical tables.
----Astronomical tables were designed to facilitate the calculation of
planetary positions, lunar phases, eclipses and calendrical information. They
often included explanations of astronomical instruments also.
• He summarized and systematized the Greek and Hindu mathematical
knowledge.
• Book-Hisan al Jabr Wal Muqabala---book on algebra
• Astronomer with outstanding ability and was known for his work in the
field of geography in Arabic language.
• Principal figure in the early history of Mathematics in Arabic.

3. Jabir Ibn Hayan
• Godfather of chemistry
• He prepared a large number of important chemicals like, nitric acid, sulphuric
acid and HCl.
• Was famous for his medical techniques like calcination, reduction, sublimation,
distillation, melting and crystallization.
---Calcination; The ore is heated to a high temperature below its melting
point in the absence of air or in a limited supply of air. It makes the ore porous. For
example, zinc carbonate decomposes to give zinc oxide and carbon dioxide. (ore is
naturally occurring solid material)
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class-10-chemistry-
india/x87dd2847d57ee419:in-in-metals-and-non-metals/x87dd2847d57ee419:in-
in-occurance-of-metals/v/roasting-and-calcination-extraction-of-metal-chemistry-
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4. ---Reduction is a chemical reaction that involves the gaining of
electrons by one of the atoms involved in the reaction between two
chemicals.
---Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid
to the gas state, without passing through the liquid state.
---Distillation is the process of separating the components or
substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling
---Crystallization is the process by which a solid forms, where the
atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal.
Some of the ways by which crystals form are precipitating from a solution,
freezing, or more rarely deposition directly from a gas.

5. • He also gave the theory of geological formation of metals
• He prepared basic lead---carbonate, arsenic and antimony
• Refinement of metals, preparation of steel, dyeing of cloth and
leather.

6. Abdul Ishaq Kindi
• Physicist
• Geometrical and physiological optics
---Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is a model of optics that
describes light propagation in terms of rays. The ray in geometric optics
is an abstraction useful for approximating the paths along which light
propagates under certain circumstances.
• There 265 works tied to his name—like on music, meteorology, optics
etc

7. Zakariya Al Razi
• Physician, physics and chemistry
• Father of Paediatrics
• He also contributed to the fields of music, philosophy, mathematics,
astronomy and ethics.
• He believed in five eternal principles in metaphysics (philosophy)
namely Creator, Soul, Matter, time and space.

8. Abu Ali Sina
• Wrote a book on medicine---Al Qannun fil Tib--- sole textbook for
several hundred years in Western universities
• Contributed to medical science, philosophy, logic, mathematics,
astronomy and music.
• He wrote 230 books
• He was the first to use catheters made of the skins of various animals
and use of silver syringe for injections

9. Al-Biruni
• Physician, astronomer, mathematician, physicst, geographer and
historian.
• He was the first one who discovered “light travels faster than sound”
• He explained advanced trigonometry
• He gave an understanding to the term longitude and latitude.
• He actually determined the weight of 18 stones in physics.

10. Ibn Al-Haitham
• Outstanding mathematician, physiologist and optician
• Function of retina
• Refraction of light
• He identified gravity as a force which was later followed by Newton
• He observed the semi lunar shape of sun during eclipses

11. Ibn Al-Baitar
• Botanist and pharmacist
• Classification of plants and categorizing them
• Extracted new plants and made medical drugs from them

12. Ibn Rushd
• Contributed into the fields of astronomy, philosophy, mathematics,
medicine, logic and Islamic Jurisprudence
---Fiqh is Islamic jurisprudence. Fiqh is often described as the
human understanding of the sharia, that is human understanding of
the divine Islamic law as revealed in the Quran and the Sunnah (the
teachings and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and His
companions).
• Discovered sunspots

13. Al Mawardi
• Political Economist
• Religion, ethics, literature and politics

14. Nasir Al-Din Tussi
• Astronomy, mathematics, optic, geography, medicine, philosophy,
logic, music, mineralogy and ethics
• Work in mathematics—quadrilateral, trigonometry

15. Abdul Qasim Al-Zahravi
• Great surgeon and physician
• Invented many surgical appliances
• Dentist-he could easily replace tooth with artificial tooth or in place of
disease

16. Al-Batani
• Astronomer and mathematician
• Excellent observer of solar and lunar eclipse
• Explained the concept-Equinoxes( the time when the sun crosses the
equator thus equalizing the length of the day and night)
An equator is an imaginary line around the middle of a planet. It
is halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole, at 0 degrees
latitude.
• He also prepared the Islamic Lunar Calendar

17. Solar eclipse

18. Lunar eclipse
• A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes directly behind Earth
and into its shadow. This can occur only when the Sun, Earth, and
Moon are exactly or very closely aligned, with Earth between the
other two. A lunar eclipse can occur only on the night of a full moon.