Human joints presentation, for biology class.

1. Joints
Kerim Sabic

2. Introduction to Joints
• Joint is junction between two or more
bones.
• With the exception of the hyoid bone,
every bone in the body is connected to
joint or forms one.
• There are 230 joint in the body.

3. Classification
• Structural classification is determined
by how bones are connected o each
other, while functional is determined by
degree of movement between the
articulating bones

4. Joint functions
• They hold skeletal bones together
• Allow the skeleton some flexibility soo
movement can occur
• They also make bone growth possible

5. Structural Classification
• Fibrous(Fixed)
• Cartilaginous(Slightly movable)
• Synovial(Movable)

6. Fibrous
Fibrous bones are connected by dense connective
tissue, consisting mainly of collagen.

7. Cartilaginous
• Cartilaginous are connected entirely by
cartilage. Caerilagnous joints allow
more movement between bones than
fibrous joint but less than the highly
mobile synovial join.

8. Synovial
• Synovial joint have a space between the articulating bones for
synovial fluid. These joints are most mobile of the three and they
include knee and shoulder.

9. Plane joint
Articular surfaces are more or less flat. They
permit gliding movements in varius directions.
For example: intercarpal joints, intertarsal
joints

10. Hinge joint
• Hinge joint is the articular surface pulley shaped. This type of joint
permits movement in one plane around transverse axis.This
movement consists of flexion and extension.
• These joints have strong collateral ligaments to prevent other
movement
• Example: Elbow joint, knee joint, interphalangeal join, ankle joint.

11. Pivot joint
• The articular surfaces of one
bone is rounded and fits into
concavity of another bone.
Rounded part is surrounded by
ligamentous ring. Movement is
limited to rotation around a
central axis.
• Examples we can find between
the proximal ends of radius and
ulna , atlanto axial joint.

12. Condlyar joint
He round articular surfaces of one bone fits
into socket type articular surface of another
bone. The end of bone bearing round articular
surface is called condyle. These joints permit
movement in 2 directions
Example – right and left temporomandibular
joints.

13. Ellipsoid joint
• Elliptical convex surfaces of one bone articulates
with elliptical concave surface of another
bone.Movement is permitted in 2 dirrections
• Example: wrist joint, atlanto occipital joint

14. Biaxial
ELLIPTICAL CONVEX SIRFACES OF ONE
BONE ARTICULATES WITH ELLIPTICAL
CONCAVE SURFACE OF OTHER BONE
EXAMPLE RADIO-CARPAL JOINT ,
ATLANTO OCCIPITAL JOINT

15. Saddle joint
• Saddle join the articular surfaces are
reciprocally saddle shaped this unique
articulation is modified condyloid join that
allows a wide range of movement
• Example: Joint between trapezium and
metacarpal bones of the thumb.

16. Functional
classification
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

17. Synathrosis
• Synthrosis permit little or no mobility.
Most synthrosis joints are fibrous joints.
• Exaple: Cranial sutures in adult body.

18. Amphiarthtosis
• Amphiarthtoses permit slight mobility.
The two bone surfaces at the joint are
both covered in hyaline cartilage and
joined by strands of fibrocartilage
• Example: Secondary cartilaginous joint.

19. Diarthroses
• Permit a variety of movements.
• Only synovial joints are diarthrodial.

20. Classification by number of
articulating bones
• Simple joint: 2 articulation surfaces (eg: shoulder joint, hip joint)
• Compound joint: 3 or more articulation surfaces(eg: radiocarpal joint)
• Complex joint:3 or more articulation surfaces and an articular disc or
meniscus(eg: knee joint)

21. Parts of joint
• Fibrous Capsule
• Reinforcing Ligaments
• Synovial membrane
• Articular cartilage
• Articular discs
• Fatty Pads
• Bursae

22. Factors that influence stability of joint
THE BONE LIGAMENTS MUSCLES

23. FIN