The document discusses various topics in anatomy and physiology. It covers the layers of the retina, causes of Cushing's syndrome, Graves' disease causing hyperthyroidism, the neuroendocrine reflex involved in lactation, components of the ECG, and the juxtaglomerular apparatus regulating blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate. It also mentions micturition reflex maintaining urinary bladder emptying and definitions of obstructive and restrictive lung diseases.

1. . -KAVYA MATTA

2. *The sensory fibres from
anterior 2/3rds run in
lingual nerve, general
sensations(touch,pain,pres
sure,temp)pass through
chorda tympani.
* both sensations from
posterior 1/3rd run in
glossopharyngeal nerve.

3. *decebration exhibits normal
rhythmic breathing of a
reasonable pattern,however,
the depth of respiration is
increased and rate is
decreased after vagotomy.
*decorticate rigidity is seen
only when the animal is in
rest.
It occurs commonly on the
hemiplegic side after
haemorrhage or thrombosis in
the internal capsule.

4. Retina has 10
layers,except in the
blindspot and fovea
centralis,photorecepto
rs are placed outwards
towards choroid.
1.pigmented epithelium
2.rodes and cones
3.external limiting memb
4.outer nuclear layer
5. outer synaptic layer
6. inner nuclear layer
7.inner synaptic layer
8. ganglion cell layer
9.optic nerve
10. inner limiting memb

5. Causes:
1. independent of ACTH
*high dose of glucocorti
*adrenal cortex tumour
2. ACTH DEPENDENT
*tumours of pituitary
*ectopic ACTH
production.

6. Advanced hypothyroidism
in adults by swelling of skin
and subcutaneous tissues.
Features:
*goiter
*puffiness of face with
periorbital swelling
*coarsening and loss of
scalp hair
*ptosis,dropping of upper
eyelid.
*impaired fertility
*menstrual disturbances

7. Due to acidophillic cell tumour of anterior pituitary
which produces excess of growth hormone (after
epiphyseal closure).enlargement of peripheral region.
Elongation and widening of mandible is prognathism.

8. Two optic tracts through the
optic chaisma, lateral
geniculate body and superior
colliculus.
*lesions in the pathway
ANOPIA-complete loss of
visual field
HEMIANOPIA- blindness of
half of the visual field.

9. IODINE DEFICIENCY
swelling in the neck resulting
from a enlarged thyroid gland.
2 types:
nodular and diffuse
hyperthyroid and hypothyroid

10. GRAVES DISEASE is the most common hyperthroid
disorder.overproduction of t3 and t4.
weight loss,weakness,irregular heartbeat and dificulty
sleeping.

11. Growth hormone deficiency
this results in achilds slow
groeth pattern and unusual
small stature.
Normal indivudual

12. Its a neuroendocrine reflex
when the babby sucks the
nipple the reflex starts and
passes , pituitary hormones
secreted and the milk is
ejected.

13. Rickets: a softening and
weakening of bones in
children.
Bowlegs: vit d deficient , legs
apart.

14. Due to hypocalcemia.
Carpopedal spasm is not
adeformity , it is
atransient physical sign
physical exam finding,or
sign.,which is corrected.

15. Three neurons
dorsal column:fasciculus
gracilis(lower limbs)
fasciculus cuneatus(upper
limbs)
ventrolateral spinothalamic:
skin to thalamus.
Ventroposterior nucleus of
the thalamus to the post
central gyrus.

16. In female reproductive
system,an ovarian follicle is
afluid filled sac that contains
an immature egg or
oocyte.these follicles are
found in ovaries.
Estrogen and progeterone
are the female hormones.

17. Is a condition of severely
stunted physical or mental
growth .
Due to congenital
hypothyroidism.

18. The primary motor cortex
is a brain region that in
humans is located in the
dorsal portion of the
frontal lobe.
Its function is to generate
neural impulses that
control the execution of
the movement.

19. A sensory homunculus is a
pictorial representation of
the primary somatosensory
cortex.
Located in the parietal lobe
, post central gyrus.

20. Transection below medulla
stops all respiration called
apnoea
respiratory centres are
present in between
upper2/3rds of the medulla
and pons.

21. Micturition reflex normally
produces a series
ofcontractions of the urinary
bladder.
The flow of urine through
the urethra has an excitatory
role in micturition which
sustains voiding until the
bladder is empty.

22. A record or display of a
persons heartbeat
produced by
electrocardiography.
P wave-depolarisation of
atria in response to Sanode
triggering.
T WAVE-ventricular
repolarisation.
QRScomplex- ventricular
depolarisation.

23. * Also known as Forced vital
capacity.
* The person is asked to
inspire as deeply as
possibleand then to breath out
as hard and as fast as he can.
* The expiration continues till
he expired all the air out and
thus obtained as forced vital
capacity.

24. Lung volumes measure the
amount of air for a specific
function.
Lung capacities are the sum of
the two or three volumes.
Lung volumes include
TV,IRV,ERV,RV.

25. The four ABO blood groups
A,B,AB,O,arise from inheriting
one or more of the alternative
forms of this gene.
The A and B alleles are
codominant so both A and B
antigens will be expressed on
the red cells whenever either
allele is present.

26. Falling blood pressure
stimulates increased
sympathetic activity, which
leads to increased heart
rate,contractility,vasoconstricti
on and blood pressure.
Longterm regulation involves
renal mechanism.

27. The resulting chart obtained
from cystometric analysis is
known as a
cystometrogram.
It plots volume of liquid
emptied from bladder
against intravesical
pressure.

28. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
is formed by DCT and
glomerular afferent
arteriole.
It is located near the
vascular pole of the
glomerulus and its main
function is to regulate
blood presure and the
filtration rate of
glomerulus.

29. Normal range- 60 to 100
beats per min.
It is regulated by the
medullary centres of the
brain.
Sympathetic increases,vice
versa

30. Obstructive: conditions that
hinder a persons ability to
exhale all air from their lungs.
Restrictive: have difficulty in
expanding their lungs