The presentation describes about the introduction, methods and achievements of Area Wide Control Program that is conducted as management of Chinese Citrus Fly in Nepal.

1. Credit Seminar
A review on Area Wide Control
Programme (AWCP): A special reference
to the Chinese citrus fly.
SUSHMITA SHARMA
ENT-09M-2019

2. Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan
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OBJECTIVES
 To be familiar with the concept of AWCP
 To have detailed knowledge about AWCP
procedures to be applied in different time for
management
 To acquaint the achievements of AWCP
implementation and their challenges

3. Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan
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METHODOLOGY
 Comprehensive search of peer reviewed journals
was done
 Reference section of each article found was
searched in order to find additional articles.
 Booklets and leaflets published from citrus super
zone Sindhuli were studied thoroughly for review

4. Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan
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REVIEWS
 Chinese Citrus fly has been the most devastating pest in citrus fruits in
midhills of Nepal.
 It invaded economically Sindhuli citrus orchards in 2014 resulting in 17 %
fruit losses that increased to 35 % in 2018
 Conventional pesticide application has nearly negligible effect in controlling
CCF
 In 2015, research was done in china to determine the effect of six
insecticides on Bactrocera minax (Liu et al., 2015)
 The research revealed that abamectin had highest toxicity

5. Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan
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 It is not possible to rely on this chemical method for long term
control.
 Nobel procedure and new break through is needed in the
management
 AWCP focuses on the life cycle based management strategy
 Involves developing and integrating biologically-based pest
control technologies into a comprehensive management package
that would be economically viable, environmentally sensitive and
sustainable.

6. Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan
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Life Cycle Of CCF
Source : (Adhikari, 2018)
Source : (Adhikari et al.,
2020)

7. Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan
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Concept of AWCP
AWCP
MONITORING
USE OF MASS
PROTEIN BAIT
FILED
SANITATION
ACTIVE
PARTICIPATION
OF
STAKEOLDERS
LARGE AREA
Many of these
technologies along with
the Great fruit fly bait
(Protein hydrolysate 25
%+ 0.1% Abamectin)
were developed by
Ecoman Biotech in China

8. Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan
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Technical
aspect
Estimation of
fruit loss
Monitoring
the behavior
of CCF
Selection of
spray area
and time
Spraying
Field
sanitation
Aspects of AWCP

9. Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan
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Managerial
aspect Consulting the stakeholders
Training on pesticide
Spraying plan
Monitoring and feedback
Fig. Showing different aspects of AWCP
CONTD……

10. Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan
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WHY AWCP?
CCF
LONG
DISTANCE
FLIGHT
UNIVOLTINE
BROAD
HOST
RANGE
WIDE
SURVIVAL
RANGE
LIVES
IN
FRUIT,
SOIL
Unlike other species,
it is not attracted
towards any
pheromone lures also
rearly trapped in bait
traps.
Fig. Showing behavior of CCF

11. Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan
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Activities in AWCP
• Field
sanitation
• Monitoring
pest and
conducting
spraying
program
Adult
stage
Egg
stage
Maggot
stage
Pupa
stage
Fig. Seasonal activities of AWCP

12. Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan
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Bait preparation and spraying
 Great fruit fly bait is diluted using 1:2 ratio. 1 part
great fruit fly bait and 2 part water.
 Spray will commence 10-15 days after emergence
of adult CCF.
 50 ml of the diluted solution should be sprayed in
0.5-1 sq meter area.
 Sparying should be done on the lower portion of
tree on the underside of leaves.
 Spray in a tree in every 3 productive trees.
 Sparying process should be done once in a week
for 10-12 times.

13. Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan
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Field Sanitation
 Infested fallen fruits are collected from ground
 The collected fruits can be managed as:
 Burying in the ground at the depth of min. 30 cm
 Burning in fire to kill maggot
 Collecting in plastic bag and making air tight
condition
 Dipping in the water tank
 Feeding to the domestic animals
 Can be mixed with biofuel.

14. Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan
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Achievements of AWCP
 AWCP was piloted in the selected 231 citrus orchards for the first time in
Sindhuli in 2018
 It has been adopted by 1153 citrus growers in 2019
 Mean fruit damage percentages due to B. minax in the sweet orange
orchards was
2018 (range: 3.9 ± 1.1% to 29.7 ± 9.6%)
2019 (range: 2.6 ± 0.8% to 7.5 ± 2.3%) (Adhikari et al., 2020)
 After years of continuous efforts, B. minax populations was supressed to less
than 5% infested fruit and a 60-80% reduction in the use of synthetic insecticides
against this pest in China (Rashid et al., 2021)
 The result revealed that the leaf underside spot treatment with the protein bait
was highly efficient to minimize the Sweet Orange fruit losses from 56.7 to 10.9%
(Adhikari et al., 2020)

15. Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan
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Challenges in implementing AWCP
 Maintaining large cover area
 Economic challenge
 Multiple spray seems to be tedious work
 Needs trained person
 Field sanitation

16. Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan
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CONCLUSION
 AWCP is ecofriendly and systematic approach which includes
understanding life cycle and behavior of pest, monitoring, bait spray and
field sanitation.
 Adoption of AWCP has positive outcomes `in the management of pest and
number of farmers adopting is in increasing trend
 Major challenge in successful AWCP is to convince farmers to due lack of
commercialization, illiteracy and socioeconomic condition
 Encouraging the active participation of all the related stakeholders will aid
in successful AWCP.

17. Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan
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REFERENCES
• Adhikari, D., Thapa, R. B., Joshi, S. L., & Du, J. J. (2021). Area-wide control
program in management of Chinese Citrus Fly, Bactrocera minax
(enderlein)(diptera: tephritidae), in citrus orchards, sindhuli, nepal. नय ाँसोच र सजन ा,
प्र कृ तक प्रण ल को पुनस्थ पान , 41.
• Adhikari, D., Thapa, R. B., Joshi, S. L., Liang, X. H. & Du, J. J. (2020). Area-
Wide Control Program of Chinese Citrus Fly Bactrocera minax (Enderlein) in
Sindhuli, Nepal. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological
Sciences, 15(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2020.1.7
• Janjit Adhikari., et al. “Fruit Flies in Citrus Fruits with Special Reference to
Chinese Citrus Fly, Bactrocera minax (Enderlin) (Diptera: Tephritidae): Status
and Management Options in Nepal". Acta Scientific Agriculture 4.9 (2020): 46-
52.

18. Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan
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• Liu, H., Jiang, G., Zhang, Y., Chen, F., Li, X., Yue, J., ... &
Zhao, Z. (2015). Effect of six insecticides on three
populations of Bactrocera (Tetradacus) minax (Diptera:
Tephritidae). Current pharmaceutical biotechnology, 16(1),
77-83.
• Rashid, M. A., Dong, Y., Andongma, A. A., Chen, Z., Wang,
Y., Xu, P., ... & Niu, C. (2021). The Chinese Citrus Fly,
Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae): A Review of its
Biology, Behaviour and Area-Wide Management. Area-Wide
Integrated Pest Management, 143-159.

19. Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan
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