6. Cultural and Historical Relativism Dorothea Dix Deinstitutionalization The social policy, beginning in the 1960s, of discharging large numbers hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community
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15. Biological Perspectives Cortex - the folded matter on the outside of the brain that controls humans’ advanced cognitive functions Thalamus - a subcortical brain structure involved in routing and filtering sensory input Hypothalamus - a subcortical brain structure that controls the endocrine, or hormonal, system Basal ganglia - a subcortical brain structure involved in the regulation of movement
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28. Psychodynamic Perspectives COMMON DEFENSE MECHANISMS Repression - Motivated forgetting Denial/minimization - Ignoring or minimizing particular facts Projection - Attributing one’s own feelings to someone else Rationalization - A false but personally acceptable explanation for one’s behavior Displacement - Transferring a feeling about one situation onto another situation Reaction-formation - Turning an unacceptable feeling into its opposite Isolation of affect/Intellectualization - Avoiding painful feelings by focusing only on ideas
29. Psychodynamic Perspectives Compartmentalization - Keeping different parts of one’s emotional life separate Undoing - Using ritualized behavior to create an illusion of control Dissociation - Trancelike detachment Splitting - Viewing self or others as all-good or all-bad to ward off conflicted or ambivalent feelings Withdrawal/avoidance - Emotional or behavioral flight from painful situations Fixation - Clinging to a particular developmental phase Regression - Returning to an earlier developmental phase Turning against the self (Masochism) - Redirecting an unacceptable hostile impulse toward oneself Sublimation - Finding a constructive outlet for an unacceptable wish COMMON DEFENSE MECHANISMS
45. Cognitive Perspectives Cognitive schemas - mental models of the world that are used to organize information. Cognitive restructuring - therapy techniques that focus on changing irrational and problematic thoughts. Aaron Beck