In the 1920s, women's fashion and hairstyles changed dramatically. Hemlines rose to the knee, corsets were abandoned, and short bobbed hair became very popular. The "flapper" style emerged, characterized by short skirts, visible stockings, makeup, and short hair. Flappers danced provocatively and smoked and drank in public, challenging social norms. Careers also opened up for women in fashion design, hairdressing, and dance performances like the Rockettes. Broadway and jazz music provided opportunities for women's self-expression and rebellion through dance. Overall, the 1920s saw women gaining newfound independence and social freedoms through fashion, hairstyles, careers, and public behaviors.

1. WOMEN IN THE 1920s
KATE SIMON
ALYSSA AMICI
JAMIE HUANG

2. Introduction
 In the 1920's, women began to grow more independent
 This would change the role of women's lives on the 1920's.
 Quote: “American women were transformed after World War I. They
seemed to embody the changes going on in the country itself. The United
States went from a young industrial state that was accumulating the capital
to build factories and railroads to a world power with a consumer economy
that relied on its citizens to keep the boom going by borrowing money and
buying homes and cars. Meanwhile, the celibate settlement house worker
was replaced as a female prototype by the jazz-crazed flapper dancing the
Charleston in a speakeasy. Everything that had anything to do with
consumption was in style. That included drinking, smoking, and sex - for
women as well as men.” -- 'America's Women, 400 years of Dolls, Drudges,
Helpmates and Heroines' by Gail Collins
(Role Of Women In The 1920's – source 5) (America's Women, Collins – source 1) KS

3. Opportunities of
Women in the 1920s
KATE SIMON
KS

4. The Working Woman in the 1920s
 In 1920 women composed 23.6% of the labor force
 During WWI
 When men were at war the women took the place of men
at their jobs. That were dangerous and a men’s job. These
jobs included:
 Worked as conductors of trams or buses
 Worked on farms
 In engineering
 In highly dangerous munitions Industries
 There was a high demand of women to do heavy lifting such as
unloading coal, stocking furnaces and building ships.
 After WWI, more jobs came open for women. These
jobs included:
 Teacher, secretaries, typists, nurses, seamstresses
 Even when men came back from war, women continued
to stay in the workforce
Google Images – Working Women in the 1920s
(Role Of Women In The 1920's – source 5) (Women and Gender, Sumner – source3) KS

5. The Working Woman in the 1920s
 The American Federation of Labor did not
support the working woman. It did not want
women competing for men's jobs.
 The main jobs that were thought of as "feminine"
were nursing and teaching. This all changed in the
1920's. More women were involved in clerical work,
sales work, and some worked in the factories.
 While the first generation of college-educated
women entered professions in the 1920s, they
found opportunities only in nurturing "women's
professions," such as nursing, teaching, social
work, and, within medicine, pediatrics.
 Many women (in New York especially) went to
work in the Garment District
 By the late 1920s, the Garment District was home
to half of the city’s garment plants.
 Many manufacturers, now wealthy, became real estate
developers and helped change the face of the district
Google Image s – Working Women in the 1920s
(Role Of Women In The 1920's – source 5) (Garment Industry – source 8) KS

6. Newfound Social Freedoms
 Women’s Christian Temperance Union  Smoking was more acceptable than now,
although it was a sign of sophistication.
was pivotal in bringing about national
 Young women who smoked were regarded as
Prohibition in the United States of sinful by the religious types.
America, believing it would protect
families, women and children from the
effects of abuse of alcohol.
 Women’s Organization for National
Prohibition Reform (WONPR) was
founded in 1929 to rescue America’s
families and communities from the ten Google Images – Women’s Christian Temperance Union
years of alcohol prohibition.
 These women had been important in
bringing about alcohol prohibition, yet once
they saw the damage this was having on their
homes, families and communities, they
united to bring an end to this failed and
unconstitutional legislation.
Google Images – Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform
(We The American Women, Millstein – source 10) (Women in the 1920s – source 9) KS

7. Quote: “Women took up
smoking in the twenties with the
same suddenness they cut their
hair and raised their skirts. They
smoked in restaurants, in
speakeasies, in the country clubs
where they went to play golf and
bridge, and in private homes
during that new invention, the
cocktail hour. For the younger
generation, smoking was
another example of "freedom"
and women's right to enjoy the
same pleasures as men. But they
got a prod from the mass media.
Magazine ads urged weight-
conscious flappers to "reach for
a Lucky instead of a sweet".
Cigarettes, which had frequently
been marketed as a health aid
that would cure nervousness or
aid indigestion, became a
weapon in the war against fat.” -
Woman using a cigarette holder – 1920
'America's Women, 400 years of
Dolls, Drudges, Helpmates and
Heroines' by Gail Collins Google Images – Women Smoking in the 1920s
(America's Women, Collins – source 1) KS

8. Newfound Social Freedoms
 The image of flappers were young women
who went by night to jazz clubs where they
danced provocatively, smoked cigarettes
through long holders, and dated freely,
perhaps indiscriminately.
 They rode bicycles, drove cars, and openly
drank alcohol, a defiant act in the Google Images – Drinking in the 1920s
American period of Prohibition.
 The cocktail hour’s rise to popularity
 Women also played sports; women’s
baseball became popular in the 1920s
 Such baseball teams were New York-based
Google Images – Women’s Baseball 1920s
(Women Gain Rights, Fashion, and Flappers – source 6) (Women in Baseball – source 7) KS

9. Political Freedoms
 The Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
 Prohibits any U.S. citizen to be denied the right to vote based on
sex.
 Ratified on August 18, 1920.
 Boosted women’s confidence.
 It made them feel less like property
 Made them feel like they had a purpose in society
 The 19th amendment sparked women to speak up for
themselves and take on a new role in society and not just the
role as the “homemaker”
 Women started going out and getting jobs, playing sports, wearing
looser and shorter clothes, getting different hair styles, voicing their
opinions in public
 Suffragists transformed the National American Woman
Suffrage Association into the League of Women Voters
(LWV) in 1920.
 Carrie Chapman Catt and other leaders of the LWV saw
enfranchised women as individuals with their own relationship
to the state, and they set out to train these women in good Google Images – 19th Amendment
citizenship.
(Suffrage Movement – source 12) (The Grounding of Modern Feminism, Cott – source 4) KS

10. Political Freedoms
 The Equal Rights Amendment
 Written by Alice Paul
 First proposed in 1923 to affirm that women
and men have equal rights under the law
 Still not part of the U.S. Constitution.
 “Lucretia Mott Amendment,"
 "Men and women shall have equal rights
throughout the United States and every place
subject to its jurisdiction." Google Images - Equal Rights Amendment 1923
 U.S. Women’s movements inspired
women worldwide:
 The Matrimonial Causes Act
 Put into force in the UK in 1923
 In the event of a divorce, both spouses were Google Images
regarded as equals. - Alice Paul
(Equal Rights Amendment – source 2) (Divorce UK – source 11) KS

11. Expression of Women
in the 1920s
ALYSSA AMICI
AA

12. Fashion : A Practical lifestyle
 The 20’s were very colorful especially when new patterns were
introduced. Designers included color into every article of clothing from
the stocking to shoes. Stockings actually became visible, they served a
purpose to fashion, not just the opinion of society. Fashion became a
career choice for women also. Classes were also available for women
and girls to take on how to learn to make clothes. It was a way for
women to make some cash while their husbands were away at war.
Although the 20’s were viewed as the “golden years” many people did
not have money and dressmaking was a way that women could have the
latest fashion without spending an immense amount of money.
Although fashion helped women play a part in society and increased the
vibrancy of the era, it was highly rejected by the public, mainly male
population and older generation, it was sought out to be racy and a
disgrace to American society.
AA

13. New Looks
Google images
(flapper girl dress)
 Women’s fashion changed dramatically in this time era. More skin was definitely shown.
Sleeveless dresses were introduced and hem lines went from being right above the ankle to
right above the knee. This was the start of the flapper dress.
 Corsets became a thing of the past and new forms of under garments were introduced that
allowed more movement/freedom for women making them way more comfortable. Corsets
were sometimes applied so tight that they would cause rib breakage. The new undergarments
allowed women to be active in more activities, such as dance and sports. Again leading to the
flapper girl.
 Since hemlines on skirts and dresses were raised, shoes and stockings became visible making
them a major part of an outfit. Silk and Lisle stockings were introduced that became popular
with women of all ages across the U.S. Google images(20s bathing suit)
 Bathing suits caused a major controversy and were slower to evolve into something more
modern. Bathing suits were not flattering to the female figure and made it hard for them to
move around in. However in the mid 20s that all changed when form-fitting bathing suits
were introduced in a variety of different colors.
 Short hairstyles inspired newly designed type of hats. Hats went from wide brimmed hats to
smaller fitting hats to show off the new hairstyles. Hats were also made in variety of colors to
match outfits. Google images (flapper girl hat)
 One of the biggest accessories that played a part in women’s fashion were purses and
handbags. Purses and handbags were considered to be the “eye candy” of the outfit, they held
the outfit together. Purses came with beautiful beading and materials such as silk. If you
could not afford one, you made one. Everyone had one.
 Jewelry was inspired from popular events, or subjects of that time. Platinum was the most
wanted kind of metal at the time. Pins and broaches were very popular because they were
used to hold clothes together but in a very stylish way.
Google images(1920s jewlery)
AA

14. The Flapper vs. The Gibson Girl
The Flapper Gibson Girl
• Short dark bobbed hair • Long loose hair
• Short skirts just below • Long straight skirts
the knee, and no corsets. with corsets.
• Bell-shaped hats
• Large hats
• Waistline dropped to
hipline. • Shirts with high
• Silk stocking that were collars Google images (gibson girl)
visible • Wore absolutely no make up
• Wore makeup (eyeliner, • Activities included, tennis, bicycling,
mascara, lipstick, blush.) golf. Sports where they could not get
all dark and visible. hurt.
• Dancing was a popular • Not allowed to date, they were set up
activity. with their husband by their parents.
• Casually dated • Drinking and smoking were not
• Smoked and drank in allowed at all. It was not womanly.
public
Google images (flapper girl)
AA

15. Hairstyles
 The first major transition of hair styles was from the 19th century traditional long
hair to the very short,straight,sleek bob.
 First modeled by a famous ball room dancer Irene Castle.
 F. Scotts Fitzgerald wrote a short story “Bernice Bobs her Hair, the story is about
this plain Jane who chops all her hair off and evolves into this free spirit.
 Clara Bow and Louise Brooks were one of the first fashion icons to promote the
look.
 Since barbershops were the only places available for women to get their haircut,
men complained that the women were invading their barbershops.
 Some women would actually keep their long hair and then just pin it underneath Google images (Fancy bob)
to hide their new stylish haircut at court events or just in general.
 In New York City, reports of up to 2,000 heads per day were being clipped.
 The sleek bob evolved into a more sophisticated look. Still a bob but with finger
waved and relaxed curls with a shiny look.
 The bob created such a controversy that one teacher in New Jersey was ordered
by the board of education to let her hair grow and that the bob was a distraction.
 Other hairstyles were introduced such as the Eton Crop but it wasn’t nearly as
popular as the “bob” and the “shingled bob” or “boyish haircut”.
 Barbers and hairdressers were constantly trying to compete against each other on
who could create the latest fad.
 Hairstyle was popular among all ages.
 Bobbed hair led to the invention of the bobby pin.
Google images (bob)
AA

16. Media: The Rockettes
 The first form of the radio city rockettes were formed called the “Missouri Rockets”.
 Inspired by the John Tiller Girls in the Ziegfeld Follies of 1922 – John tiller formed
a group of amateur dancers that sparked his interest in music and theatre.
 Founded by Russell Markert in 1925 who said, If I ever got a chance to get a group
of American girls who would be taller and have longer legs and could do really
complicated tap routines and eye-high kicks... they'd knock your socks off!"
 Showman “Roxy” Rothafel discovered the dance troop and brought them to
perform at his Roxy Theatre in New York City, changing them to the “Roxyettes.”
 Girls from the Tiller Girls and the St. Louis girls preformed together to create the
rockettes.
 Rockettes are known for their long
legs, tall and slender figures, and
dark hair. They all looked the same
to keep the sense of unison.
 Rockettes were a way for women to
be a part of society and have the
public notice them. It allowed the
women to feel spontaneous but Google images (early rockettes)
structured at the same time.
AA

17. Media : Broadway
 Jazz provided a form of rebellion for women, such as
dance halls, jazz clubs, and speakeasies.
 Jazz provided jobs for women such as women like
Bessie Smith and Ma Rainy who paved the way for
women to pursue careers in the popular performing
arts.
 Jazz did not just give women a career for singing the
blue, but playing the blues such as Lil’ Hardin.
 Jazz was the start as the “Flapper Girl” or otherwise Google images (flapper girls dancing)
known as “Jazz babies”.
 Flapper girls wore short dresses with high stockings
and long beaded necklaces. Flappers were rejected by
society because their appearance and the way they
presented themselves while dancing was to
provocative.
 Frederick Allen stated that "Women were the
guardians of morality; they were made of finer stuff
than men and were to act accordingly"
 Jazz was an outlet for women to be seen as individuals Google images ma rainey
and get noticed by the advertising companies.
 New York and Chicago were cultural centers for Jazz. Google images bessie smith
AA

18. Media : Radio Shows
 Large radio broadcasts were introduced in1922.
 It was another way that women could voice their opinions and
have the public hear them.
 Radio shows were another outlet of rebellion, it allowed world
wide notification about the cultural changes the 20s were
experiencing.
 Women would star on the comedy shows hoping to get noticed
googles images -Radio show
by producers to star in movies.
 Radio shows were also the beginning of many popular jazz
singer careers, such as Ma Rainy. Ma Rainy was first
discovered with her husband Pa Rainy because it was the only
way they would allow her onto the show.
 Flapper girls would star on radio shows also, even though no
one could see them dancing the radio talk show host would talk
about them and crack jokes and have them respond to a little
skit.
Google images (girls on the radio show)
 Radio shows were a job for women that let them have their 3
seconds of fame.
AA

19. Media : Dancing
 Charleston was one of the most popular dances at the time.
 The dance was mostly associated with the flapper girls.
 Women danced to the Charleston as a form of mocking the citizens who
supported the Prohibition act
 They knew that people who disapproved of the dance found it to be
inappropriate and immoral so they kept dancing to it to outrage them more.
Googlesimages (the charleston)
Googles images (the charelston)
Google images (the charelston)
AA

20. KS

21. Achievements, Self Image &
Female Role Models of the 1920s
JAMIE HUANG
JH

22. Women’s Role 1920s
 Before the 1920’s women typically never left the house, they stayed
home and did domestic chores like cooking, cleaning and taking care
of kids. However, after the end of the 1910s, and the beginning of
1920, the 19th amendment was passed and women began to have
more freedom and rights. They began to be involved in politics,
which only men could do. Women started nursing careers at
hospitals, instead of just being a stay home mom. Some minority of
women, however, did not like the change in their roles because if the
Equal Rights Amendment was to be passed, then they would lose
their protective legislation law, which is a law passed to protect
women from hazards or difficulties of paid work.
 Over all women had more opportunities in jobs and careers, but they http://www.msad54.org/sahs/socialstudies/fi
had less pay and worked significantly harder than men did. White- nely/1920s/1920hk/women.html
collar positions were respectable for the women work force. The
women in the working class proved that they were capable of http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/sear
economic independence and could make their own money to survive. ch?q=cache:FjDi2IzJCH8J:www.mtsu.edu/~kmi
The women employment rate in the 1920s rose by 50.1%. ddlet/history/women/time/wh-20s.html
JH

23. Female Empowerment in the 1920s
 During the 1920’s, women had gained many respect and power through their freedom
and rights. The Equal Rights Amendment was passed in 1923, which gave women and
men the same rights. The 19th Amendment was also passed around that time, in 1920,
giving the women the right to vote freely. In 1925, the first female U.S. governor Nellie
Tayloe Ross was sworn into office, her effectiveness at her duty surprised many men and
women, which gave women more respect and praise from men. The World Expo of
Women’s Progress, the first women’s world’s fair, opened in Chicago in 1925. The expo
featured women’s ideas, work, and raised money to support women’s Republican Party
organizations.
 Women began to compete in Olympic field events like running, distance running, and
other track events. Women also began to wear and dress in different clothing and styles,
they had the power and freedom to do so and the men of that time enjoyed this change in
cloth. Women did things that men would normally do like smoking, and drinking.
http://doloresmonet.hubpages.com/hub/WomensFashionsofthe1920-FlappersandtheJazz-Age
http://school.discoveryeducation.com/schooladventures/womenofthecentury/decadebydecade/1920s.html
JH

24. Birth Control Movement
 The freedom that women got in the 1920’s made them
question the trend of having babies and keeping the
family going. The majority of women did not want to
have child and wanted to create something to stop
childbirth, called Birth Control. Magaret Sanger and her
Birth Control League, the BCL, battled for birth control
using scientific and intellectual fields and backed up with
many women who also wanted Birth Control. The birth
control movement of the 1920s had a goal of taking the
power away from commercial advertisers and placing
that power in the hands of physicians. The whole
movement began with women wanting to have more
freedom over their bodies, their sexuality, and their life
choices. They wanted to live life without becoming
mothers, they wanted to enjoy life. http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/5
 Finally, the Supreme Court made distributions of 457706/the_great_birth_control_debate_of
contraception information, or birth control, legal in _the_pg4.html?cat=37
1936. But the first birth control pill was not developed http://www.ehow.com/about_5052080_hist
until 1960, from then on the pill was used widely among ory-birth-control-movement.html
women in the US who did not want to be moms.
JH

25. Role Models - Nellie Tayloe Ross
 Nellie Tayloe Ross was born near Amazonia, in Andrew County,
Missouri, in 1876. She was active in the Cheyenne Woman’s Club, a
club that focused on intellectual self-improvement during the 1910s.
Nellie later married in 1902 to William Bradford Ross, who later
became a leader in the Democratic Party in Wyoming. William Ross
ran for governor several times but lost to Republicans. Finally in 1922,
he was elected Governor of Wyoming. He held office for a year and a
half, but died of surgery complications in 1924, and left the office
empty. Nellie was nominated on October 14, 1924 to succeed William
as the Governor of Wyoming. She, however, had little involvement
with politics and little involvement with woman suffrage campaign,
she was hesitant, but wanted to complete what her husband has left
behind. Nellie was sworn into office January 5th, 1925, despite
Republicans disagreement, as the first woman governor of the U.S.
Ross wanted to prove to the public and show them that woman could
hold high position jobs. She lost her re-election because she was a
Democrat in a heavy populated Republican state. Nellie also believed
that she should have and would have never pursued a political career,
but only because of her husband that she did. She thinks that women
belonged at home to care for the family. During office, she advocated
and supported the prohibition.
http://www.gale.cengage.com/free_resources/whm/bio/ross_n.htm
http://www.answers.com/topic/nellie-tayloe-ross
JH

26. Role Models - Amelia Earhart
 Amelia was born in Atchison, Kansas, with the full name as Amelia
Mary Earhart. She had a younger sister (2 years younger), name Grace
Muriel Earhart. Amelia had a hard early life with her family, once
wealthy, her father could not make ends meet to hold up the family,
and the family quickly broke apart. During 1917, after a visit to Amelia’s
sister, Grace’s college in Canada, she decided to train as a nurse aid in
Toronto and served as a VAD (Voluntary Aid Detachment) for the war
until the Armistice in 1918. In 1919, Amelia went to be a pre-med
student in Columbia University. 1920, Amelia abandoned her pursue
for health studies and reunited with parents in California. She quickly
took an interest in flying and that she knew “that I myself had to fly”.
Amelia took flying lessons with Anita “Neta” Snook, and purchased her
own prototype of the Kinner Airster airplane, naming it “The Canary”
She quickly set a woman record altitude level of 14,000 feet, and
became the 16th women to receive a pilot’s license. She was very fond of
flying. In 1926, a call from Captain H.H. Railey asked Amelia if she “like
to be the first woman to fly across the Atlantic” Her love for flying
caused her to want more than just flying across the Atlantic, she
wanted to fly solo. She first take off attempt at flying across the world
failed as the plane (Lockheed Electra 10E) was unbalanced in weight
and crashed causing heavy damage. After repairs, Amelia, along with
her navigator Fred Noonan lifted off on June 1, 1937. First woman to fly
solo across the Atlantic, but not the Pacific.
http://www.ninety-nines.org/index.cfm/amelia_earhart.htm
http://www.ellensplace.net/ae_lflt.html
JH

27. Role Models - Amelia Earhart
“Please know I am quite aware of the
Amelia Earhart's
hazards...I want to do it because I want
famous quote
before MIF to do it. Women must try to do things as
men have tried. When they fail their
failure must be but a challenge to others”
JH

28. Role Models - Gertrude Ederle
 Gertrude Ederle was born in 1905, New York City, New York,
and was raised in a family of hardcore swimmers. Gertrude was
born with measles, resulting in hearing loss and was advised to
stay out of water as the wetness will worsen the effect, but she
didn’t listen. She became a competitive swimmer in the early
1920s in the Women’s Swimming Association facility in
Manhattan and quickly began to swim in the Olympic Level;
she was breaking women AND men records left and right.
Gertrude competed in the 1924 Olympics in France was
received 1 gold and 2 bronze. After her success at the Olympics,
she wanted to challenge herself at a swim across the English
Channel, a grueling 35 miles of water after she had went off
course for some time. Gertrude had an earlier attempt but
failed because her coach in the over watch boat dragged her
into the boat because he thought she was struggling. She http://www.n
became the first woman to ever swim across the channel, with otablebiograp
bad weather conditions in 14 hours, 31 minutes, which is 2 hies.com/ne
hours faster than the men’s record. When she got back to NYC, wsmakers2/2
the news spread and she quickly became a celebrity and her 005-A-
story was sensational. She was then nick named “America’s best Fi/Ederle-
Gertrude.htm
girl” and had many marriage proposals from men, she turned l
them all down. She proved to men that women can perform as http://www.a
well as, if not, better than what men can achieve. Women nswers.com/t
swimmers became more common after Gertrude. opic/gertrude
-ederle
 Gertrude’s hearing worsened and soon lost her hearings around
1940s.
JH

29. Works Cited
 Collins, Gail. America's Women: Four Hundred Years of Dolls, Drudges, Helpmates, and Heroines. New
York: William Morrow, 2003. Print.
 Quote about women and smoking/drinking in the 1920s
 Equal Rights Amendment Home Page. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. <http://www.equalrightsamendment.org/>.
 Sumner, Gregory. "Women and Gender." Sharpe - Online Reference | Homepage. Web. 14 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.sharpe-online.com/SOLR/a/show-content/fullarticle/5/book005-PART2-article313>.
 Cott, Nancy F. The Grounding of Modern Feminism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987.
 Unknown. "Role Of Women In The 1920's - College Essays - Rhs08." Free Term Papers, Research Papers,
Essays, Book Reports | OPPapers.com. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. <http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Role-Women-
1920S/110959>.
 Unknown. "Women Gain Rights, Fashion, and Flappers (The 1920's)." Think Quest. Web. 14 Nov. 2011.
<http://library.thinkquest.org/C005846/categories/worldnews/worldn.htm>.
 "Women in Baseball." New York Women's Baseball Association. Web. 14 Nov. 2011.
<http://nywomensbaseball.com/history.html>.
 Unknown. "Garment Industry." Gotham Center. Web. 14 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.gothamcenter.org/garment/>.
 Info regarding the Garment District and women working in industries
 Unknown. "Women in the 1920s." Roaring Twenties. 2009. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://historyclass.tripod.com/id12.html>.
 Kava, Beth Millstein, and Jeanne Bodin. We, the American Women: a Documentary History. [New York]: J. S.
Ozer, 1977. Print.
 Unknown. "Divorce UK | Marriage Breakdown | Divorce Law." Annuity Rates | Annuity Quotes | Annuities |
Pensions | Divorce. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.sharingpensions.co.uk/marbreak8.htm>.
 Student, Elizabeth SmiltneekGraduate. "Suffrage Movement (Informational Paper)." Learning to Give. Web.
20 Nov. 2011. <http://learningtogive.org/papers/paper62.html>.

30. Works Cited
 "Gale - Free Resources - Women's History - Biographies - Nellie Tayloe Ross." Gale - Home. Cengage Learning. Web. 15 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.gale.cengage.com/free_resources/whm/bio/ross_n.htm>.
 "Nellie Tayloe Ross: Biography from Answers.com." Answers.com: Wiki Q&A Combined with Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, and Encyclopedias.
Web. 15 Nov. 2011. <http://www.answers.com/topic/nellie-tayloe-ross>.
 "The Ninety-Nines, Inc. | Our History | Women in Aviation History | Amelia Earhart." The Ninety-Nines, Inc., International Organization of Women
Pilots. SunStar Media. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. <http://www.ninety-nines.org/index.cfm/amelia_earhart.htm>.
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