Today, photography has reached a level where basic digital cameras are being replaced by high end Digital SLR cameras. The experiment designed and executed will help the aspiring photographers and the general population that use these cameras, by giving them a brief idea & description about the various parameters that come under consideration while clicking photographs and also an overview of the outcomes.

1. Design and Analysis
of Experiments
K a r t h i k M u r a l i
A n a l y s i s o f P h o t o g r a p h y
u s i n g D S L R s
k a t t i c k @ g m a i l . c o m
+ 1 ( 7 1 3 ) - 5 9 1 - 0 8 9 6
2 / 1 1 / 2 0 1 2
A Project on Analysis of
Photography using DSLRs
Today, photography has reached a level where basic
digital cameras are being replaced by high end Digital SLR
cameras. This experiment will help the aspiring
photographers and the general population that use these
cameras, by giving them a brief idea & description about
the various parameters that come under consideration
while clicking photographs and also an overview of the
outcomes.

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Table of Contents
Sr. No. Topic Page No.
1. Recognition and Statement of Problem
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 DSLR Camera 6
1.3 The Experiment (Problem) 7
2. Choice of Factors, Levels & Ranges
2.1 Project Plan 8
2.2 Apparatus Specifications 9
2.3 Assumptions 10
2.4 Stating the Factors 11
3. Selection of the Response Variables
3.1 Image Quality 13
3.2 ISO Speed 13
3.3 Focal Length 13
4. Choice of Design
4.1 Experiment Design 14
5. Conducting the Experiment
5.1 Methodology 15
6. Statistical Analysis
6.1 Brief Notes on the Tests Conducted 20
6.2 Observations and Analysis
7 Drawing Conclusions & Recommendations
7.1 Conclusions 21
7.2 Recommendations 22
8. References 23

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ABSTRACT
Today, photography has reached a level wherein digital cameras have shrivelled and
are being replaced by new and improved DSLR cameras. This experiment will help
aspiring photographers and the general population that use such cameras by giving
them a brief idea and description about the various parameters that come under
consideration while clicking photographs and also a rough idea or perhaps, an
overview about the different outcomes.
In general usage, design of experiments (DOE) is the design of any information-
gathering exercises where variation is present, whether under the full control of the
experimenter or not. An experiment can be defined as a test or series of tests in which
purposeful changes are made to the input variables of a process or system so that we
may observe and identify the reasons for changes that may be observed in the output
response.
However, DOE plans for all possible dependencies in the first place, and then
prescribes exactly what data are needed to assess them i.e. whether input variables
change the response on their own, when combined, or not at all. In terms of resource
the exact length and size of the experiment are set by the design (i.e. before testing
begins).
Experimentation plays an important role in technology commercialization, which
consists of new innovative manufacturing process development, improvement of
process and new design of products. Designs of experiments have a diversified
application in non-manufacturing industries such as marketing, service operations,
and general business operations. In this project we are focusing on experiments in
engineering and sciences. A vital part of result-orientated scientific method is
experimentation. When the scientific phenomena are understood clearly, the results
can be directly used in development of mathematical models, which are also,
generalized models for similar manufacturing systems. These models are called
mechanistic models.

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BASIC PRINCIPLES in Design of Experiments
1. Randomization
Random assignment is the process of assigning individuals at random to groups
or to different groups in an experiment. The random assignment of individuals to
groups (or conditions within a group) distinguishes a rigorous, ‘true’ experiment
from an adequate, but less-than-rigorous, ‘Quasi Experiment’. It is the allocation
of the experimental material as well as the order in which the individual runs or
the trials of the experiment are to be performed are randomly determined. The
averaging out of extraneous factors is also done by proper randomization.
2. Replication
Measurements are usually subject to variation and uncertainty. Measurements
are repeated and full experiments are replicated to help identify the sources of
variation, to better estimate the true effects of treatments, to further strengthen
the experiment's reliability and validity, and to add to the existing knowledge of
about the topic. There are basically two properties of replications. Firstly, it gives
a clear picture of where the error has taken place. Secondly, if the given sample
mean reflects the true mean response of the experiment, replications will help
the experimenter to get a more precise parametric analysis.
3. Blocking
Blocking is the arrangement of experimental units into groups consisting of units
that are similar to one another. Blocking reduces known but irrelevant sources of
variation between units and thus allows greater precision in the estimation of
the source of variation under study. The function of blocking is to reduce or
eliminate the variability transmitted from nuisance factors. Nuisance factors are
factors that affect the experiment but are not directly interested.
4. Hypothesis Testing
There are two types namely a null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis used
for comparing two conditions or treatments.

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5. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
ANOVA is a collection of statistical models, and their associated procedures, in
which the observed variance in a particular variable is partitioned into
components attributable to different sources of variation. In its simplest form
ANOVA provides a statistical test of whether or not the means of several groups
are all equal, and therefore generalizes t-test to more than two groups. ANOVAs
are useful in comparing two, three or more means. There are three classes of
models namely fixed effect models, random effect models and mixed effect
models.
6. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
In order to make the experimental error as small as possible, that is we would
like to remove the variability between coupon form the experimental error.
RCBD would accomplish this by testing each tip once on each of the coupons.
The following diagram shows the various phases that form the Six Sigma concept.
Exhibit 1

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Transformation from
Film Rolls to Advanced
and Smaller Storage
Devices
There was a need for
technological
improvement
High quality images now
easily stored in high
capacity memory cards
1. RECOGNITION and STATEMENT of PROBLEM
1.1 Introduction
Photography is the art, science and practice of creating durable images by recording light or
other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor or
chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film.
Today, photography has reached a level wherein digital cameras have shrivelled and are
being replaced by new and improved DSLR cameras. As we witness the progress in the
technology related to photography, we know that now even the photographic film has become
obsolete and has been replaced by various types of memory chips and cards. Initially, when
we couldn’t figure out the size of an image and thereby guess its quality today with the help
of high tech cameras and the computer, we can not only know the size of the image, but also
extract important statistics related to the image.
This experiment will help aspiring photographers and the general population that use such
cameras by giving them a brief idea and description about the various parameters that come
under consideration while clicking photographs and also a rough idea about the different
outcomes.
The basic purpose of the experiment is to show how tedious is it to retrieve data and thereby
analyse the same. Review of the data can help us understand synchronization between the
functions of a camera and external conditions to produce finished pictures.
Exhibit 2

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1.2 DSLR Cameras
Digital Single Lens Reflex cameras (Digital SLR or DSLR) are digital cameras that
use a mechanical mirror system and pentaprism to direct light from the lens to an
optical viewfinder on the back of the camera.
Due to their reflex design system, DSLRs are often preferred by professional still
photographers because they allow an accurate preview of framing close to the
moment of exposure. Many professionals also prefer DSLRs for their larger sensors
compared to most compact digital cameras.
DSLRs have sensors which are generally closer in size to the traditional film formats
that many current professionals started out using. These large sensors allow for
similar depths of field and picture angle to film formats, as well as their
comparatively high signal to noise ratio. DSLRs also allow the user to choose from a
variety of interchangeable lenses. Most DSLRs also have a function that allows
accurate preview of depth of field.
The term DSLR generally refers to cameras that resemble 35 mm format cameras,
although some medium format cameras are technically DSLRs.
The reflex design scheme is a major difference between a DSLR and an ordinary
digital point-and-shoot camera. In the reflex design scheme, the image captured on the
camera's sensor is also the image that is seen through the view finder. Light travels
through a single lens and a mirror is used to reflect a portion of that light through the
view finder - hence the name Single Lens Reflex. While there are variations among
point-and-shoot cameras, the typical design exposes the sensor constantly to the light
projected by the lens, allowing the camera's screen to be used as an electronic
viewfinder.

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Image Quality
Variables
Factors
Responses
1.3 The Experiment (Problem)
DSLR cameras sport a lot of high end features where the photographer (experimenter)
has the flexibility to change the settings according to the surroundings and the need to
get the most perfect picture possible.
Here, we are trying to understand the various outcomes by changing certain values in
the DSLR camera and analyse the output.
There are a lot of factors that can be taken into consideration when we try to
experiment something on an image through a DSLR. The responses would of course,
be the image quality but there are secondary responses too, i.e. there would be other
values that would exhibit a change as the responses are directly proportional to the
factors.
Nuisance factors also play an important role. The most important nuisance factors
whilst clicking pictures with a Digital SLR camera would be the camera shake and the
external light.
Our experiment would help us understand how an image quality is affected by the
mentioned factors and what the changes in the responses are therein.
Exhibit 3

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Various factors taken into
consideration for understanding
and analyzing the image quality
produced by a DIgital SLR Camera
Factors like Aperture, Shutter
Speed, TTL Metering, Flash
Goal is to analyze the
IMAGE QUALITY
External Factors that affect
the experiment i.e. the Final
Image are camera shake and
external light
2. CHOICE of FACTORS, LEVELS and RANGES
2.1 Project Plan
The aim of our experiment is to understand and analyse the image quality of a
Digital SLR using different functions and parameters using standard using
standard outdoor conditions.
The following is a smart art diagram that depicts the project plan.
Exhibit 4

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2.2 Apparatus Specifications
Camera Model Canon EOS 450D
Aperture Support f/3.5 : f/5.6
CMOS Sensor 12.1 Effective Pixels
Flash Built-in
Focal Length 18mm – 55mm
Lens Used Canon EF 18-55 mm USM II
Max Shutter Speed 30 – 1/4000 sec
Optics 11 Elements in 9 Groups
The following pictures show the apparatus used in the experiment,
The camera is a Canon made EOS series 450D and
the lens used is the Kit Lens 18-55mm that comes
with the camera in the package,

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2.3 Assumptions
Our experiment will need a few assumptions to be listed down.
The outdoor conditions are standard when clicking the pictures
The lens used for clicking all the pictures is the same since a change in the
lens will directly affect the values of our outcomes – as different lenses have
different apertures and speeds
Flash used for clicking the pictures is the built-in flash, however an external
flash will be considered as a factor for analysing the difference in the image
quality
DSLR Cameras sport a variety of shutter speeds, we would be focusing on the
focal plane shutter and the time control shutter speed functions only
When Aperture is set to be constant – we vary the shutter speeds
When Shutter Speed is set to be constant – we vary the Apertures
The Exposure Control is set to be on auto mode
ISO Speeds aren’t tampered as they are one of the responses for this
experiment

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2.4 Stating the Factors
As already mentioned, a DSLR camera gives the photographer full flexibility to
get the maximum control of the situation and capture the moment with flawless
effort.
And these features are the factors for our experiment. The factors that we choose
for this experiment are as follows,
1. Aperture
A device that controls the amount of light admitted through an opening. In
photography and digital photography, aperture is the unit of measurement that
defines the size of the opening in the lens that can be adjusted to control the
amount of light reaching the film or digital sensor. The size of the aperture is
measured in F-stop.
2. Flash
The extra amount of light thrown at the object to make it clearer by the
camera’s processor is the flash. Flash can be internal (built-in) or an added
extra to the camera i.e. external
3. Shutter Speed
The shutter speed is the unit of measurement which determines how
long shutter remains open as the picture is taken. The slower the shutter speed,
the longer the exposure time. The shutter speed and aperture together control
the total amount of light reaching the sensor. Shutter speeds are expressed in
seconds or fractions of a second. For e.g. 2, 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/15, 1/30, 1/60,
1/125, 1/250, 1/500, 1/1000, 1/2000, 1/4000, 1/8000. Each speed increment
halves the amount of light.

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4. Focal Length
The focal length of a lens determines how much magnification it provides. A
lens with a shorter focal length will be able to see a wider view of a subject
than can a lens with a longer focal length, which would see a narrower view
of the scene, but at a higher level of magnification.
The image below shows the internal structure of the EOS 450D DSLR used in
this experiment.

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3. SELECTION of The RESPONSE VARIABLES
The following are the response variables selected for this experiment.
1. Image Quality
Image quality is a characteristic of an image that measures the perceived
image degradation. Assessment or subjective measure of how accurately or
fully an image of a subject represents that subject. Image quality can also be
understood by the size of the image. (i.e. the amount of space it takes on the
storage media) The higher the image – the greater the number of pixels
captures and vice versa.
2. ISO
ISO measures the sensitivity of the image sensor. The lower the number, the
less sensitive your camera is to light and the finer the grain. Higher ISO
settings are generally used in darker situations to get faster shutter speeds (for
example an indoor sports event when you want to freeze the action in lower
light) – however the cost is noisier shots. The sensitivity of digital camera
sensors are also rated using the ISO scale.
The camera used in this experiment has an ISO range from ISO100 to
ISO3200. The ISO is available to even 75000 in very high end camera
models.
3. TTL Metering
Through-the-lens (TTL) metering is a photographic term describing a feature
of cameras capable of measuring light levels in a scene through their
taking lenses, as opposed to a separate metering window. This information
can then be used to select a proper exposure (average luminance), and control
the amount of light emitted by a flash connected to the camera.

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4. CHOICE of DESIGN
a. Experiment Design
i. Initial Actions
Steps Actions Performed
1 The object is selected.
2 The camera and the lens are set and proper light conditions are taken into
consideration.
3 The aperture and the shutter speed are varied to get different qualities of images.
4 For each shutter speed, there would be four values of aperture.
5 For each setting, i.e. one shutter speed and one aperture value, 3 repetitions
would be recorded.
6 The results will be tabulated for detailed observation and further analysis.
ii. Test Plan
Steps Tests
1 A Two-Way ANOVA to be performed considering the shutter speed and the
aperture.
2 If the assumptions of the Two-Way ANOVA are violated, then the One-Way
ANOVA will be performed where the Image Size (Quality) would be measured
by each of the important factors – Shutter Speed and Aperture.
3 After the ANOVA analysis, if there still seems to be a few violations in the
assumptions, then few non-parametric tests would be considered.
4 Tukey Test will be given priority for comparing the significant difference in the
means.
5 A REGRESSION Test will also be counted to understand as to which of the
factors would sport the most significant response.

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5. CONDUCTING the EXPERIMENT
5.1. Methodology
The following is the first hand data – taking into account only the shutter speed and
aperture variations, and recording the size of the image (size of the image is in
megabytes).
The first step of the experiment is conducted successfully. (Note: The repetitions have
not been performed yet)
With this raw data, we first perform a 2 Way ANOVA with the help of Minitab, and we
see that the Shutter Speed stands out significant. The factor ‘Aperture’ does not display
any significance at all.
Shutter Aperture Image Size
0.02 3.5 2.57
0.02 4 2.98
0.02 4.8 3.12
0.02 5.6 1.99
0.04 3.5 3.96
0.04 4 4.2
0.04 4.8 3.25
0.04 5.6 3.99
0.01 3.5 1.98
0.01 4 2.24
0.01 4.8 2.96
0.01 5.6 3.15
0.25 3.5 4.97
0.25 4 3.49
0.25 4.8 2.98
0.25 5.6 4.56
Minitab Output
Two-way ANOVA: Image Size versus Shutter, Aperture
Source DF SS MS F P
Shutter 3 6.8316 2.27721 4.56 0.033
Aperture 3 0.2882 0.09606 0.19 0.899
Error 9 4.4968 0.49965
Total 15 11.6166
S = 0.7069 R-Sq = 61.29% R-Sq(adj) = 35.48%

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In order to confirm that shutter speed is the significant factor amongst the two, we run a
ONE WAY ANOVA Test with each of the factors against the response variable i.e. the
Image Size.
We get the following results when we run the test.
We have reaffirmed that Shutter Speed of the camera is the most significant factor
amongst the two that were taken into the consideration.
Now let’s introduce one more factor into our experiment i.e. Focal Length of the
lens. The lens that is used in our experiment has a focal length of 18-55 mm. Once
we introduce the third factor into our experiment our model changes as we have 3
factors in total now.
We would need to build a 23
Factorial Design Model. The following is the
blueprint of our model,
Factors Levels of the Factors
Low High
Aperture Setting f/3.5 f/5.6
Shutter Speed 0.01 sec 0.25 sec
Focal Length 18 mm 55 mm
Minitab Output
One-way ANOVA: Image Size versus Shutter
Source DF SS MS F P
Shutter 3 6.832 2.277 5.71 0.012
Error 12 4.785 0.399
Total 15 11.617
S = 0.6315 R-Sq = 58.81% R-Sq(adj) = 48.51%
Minitab Output
One-way ANOVA: Image Size versus Aperture
Source DF SS MS F P
Aperture 3 0.288 0.096 0.10 0.957
Error 12 11.328 0.944
Total 15 11.617
S = 0.9716 R-Sq = 2.48% R-Sq(adj) = 0.00%

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For designing the 23
factorial, we execute the following steps in Minitab,
i. Stat DOE Create Factorial Design
ii. We use the default 2 Level Factorial (Default Generators)
iii. The number of factors chosen is 3
iv. Designs Full Factorial Design
v. We choose 2 replicates
vi. We also state the factors and their levels
vii. We do not randomize the runs
After inserting the response values, we analyze the factorial design, the following
were the results obtained,
6543210-1-2-3
99
95
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
1
Standardized Effect
Percent
A A perture
B Shutter Speed
C Focal Length
Factor Name
Not Significant
Significant
Effect Type
ABC
C
Normal Plot of the Standardized Effects
(response is Image Size, Alpha = 0.05)
The above graph is a Normal Plot for the Standardized Effects for the Image Size
with a confidence level of 95%. As we notice in the graph, we see that the focal
length and the interaction amongst the three factors are the largest and the most
significant factors that affect the image quality.
In the previous tests, we saw that only the shutter speed was the significant factor
but with the introduction of the new factor i.e. the focal length it grabs up all the
importance.
Let’s have a look at the Analysis of Variance of Image Size (coded units) table for
a better grip of analysis,

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From the above table, we have a very clear indication that Focal Length and
Aperture*Shutter Speed*Focal Length are the factors that affect the image size the most.
We then run a Tukey’s Test to see the prominent comparison amongst the means of the
factors involved in the experiment.
Minitab Output
Analysis of Variance for Image Size (coded units)
Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F
Main Effects 3 6.8235 6.82352 2.27451 8.69
Aperture 1 0.0410 0.04101 0.04101 0.16
Shutter Speed 1 0.0095 0.00951 0.00951 0.04
Focal Length 1 6.7730 6.77301 6.77301 25.87
2-Way Interactions 3 1.0281 1.02807 0.34269 1.31
Aperture*Shutter Speed 1 0.2377 0.23766 0.23766 0.91
Aperture*Focal Length 1 0.1139 0.11391 0.11391 0.44
Shutter Speed*Focal Length 1 0.6765 0.67651 0.67651 2.58
3-Way Interactions 1 1.6706 1.67056 1.67056 6.38
Aperture*Shutter Speed*Focal Length 1 1.6706 1.67056 1.67056 6.38
Residual Error 8 2.0944 2.09445 0.26181
Pure Error 8 2.0944 2.09445 0.26181
Total 15 11.6166
Source P
Main Effects 0.007
Aperture 0.703
Shutter Speed 0.854
Focal Length 0.001
2-Way Interactions 0.337
Aperture*Shutter Speed 0.369
Aperture*Focal Length 0.528
Shutter Speed*Focal Length 0.147
3-Way Interactions 0.035
Aperture*Shutter Speed*Focal Length 0.035
Residual Error
Pure Error
Total
Tukey 95% Simultaneous Confidence Intervals
All Pairwise Comparisons
Individual confidence level = 98.06%
Aperture subtracted from:
Lower Center Upper --------+---------+---------+---------+-
Shutter Speed -13.89 -4.42 5.05 (---*---)
Focal Length 22.48 31.95 41.42 (---*---)
--------+---------+---------+---------+-
-25 0 25 50
Shutter Speed subtracted from:
Lower Center Upper --------+---------+---------+---------+-
Focal Length 26.90 36.37 45.84 (---*--)
--------+---------+---------+---------+-
-25 0 25 50

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As we analyze the Tukey Test results, we can clearly figure out that there is an
eminent different between the Lower and the Upper limits of the Focal Length values.
And the last non parametric test we run is the Regression Analysis.
The following is the table generated in the Session of Minitab,
There is a confirmation again, that the focal length is the most significant factor when
the three factors are taken into consideration. It has also helped us to generate the
Regression equation for this experiment.
1.00.50.0-0.5-1.0
99
95
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
1
Residual
Percent
Normal Probability Plot
(response is Image Size)
The normal probability plot for this experiment looks good. The points follow a
normal pattern through the line giving no sign of suspicion or issues to be dealt with.
Minitab Output
Regression Analysis: Image Size versus Aperture, Shutter Speed, Focal Length
The regression equation is
Image Size = 1.80 + 0.048 Aperture - 0.20 Shutter Speed + 0.0352 Focal Length
Predictor Coef SE Coef T P
Constant 1.7977 0.7875 2.28 0.041
Aperture 0.0482 0.1505 0.32 0.754
Shutter Speed -0.203 1.317 -0.15 0.880
Focal Length 0.035169 0.008541 4.12 0.001
S = 0.631999 R-Sq = 58.7% R-Sq(adj) = 48.4%

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6. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
6.1 Brief Notes on Tests Conducted
Tests Explanation
1. Two Way ANOVA The 2 way ANOVA analysis was the
first test used to understand the effect of
Aperture and Shutter Speed on the
image size.
2. One Way ANOVA The second test, this helped us to find
out the one way effect of each of the
factors on the response i.e. Image Size
3. Factorial Design Analysis After the introduction of the new factor
– Focal Length, we had to build a 23
factorial design that constituted 2
replications. We used a full factorial
design to find out individual
significances and also the interactions
amongst the factors.
4. Tukey’s Test We used some non-parametric tests to
reassure our test results and support our
analysis. Tukey’s test helped us to
understand the difference between the
limits of the factors. We have used a
95% confidence level when we ran the
Tukey Test.
5. Regression Analysis The last test and one more, on the
parametric tests list was the Regression
Analysis to recheck our analysis till
now. And this test has also helped us to
generate the regression equation for our
experiment and restating the significant
factors – individual or the combination.

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6.2 Observations & Analysis
The following are the observations and analysis from the experiment.
i. When we run the Two-Way ANOVA Test, we inferred that Shutter Speed
has a higher priority than the Aperture Settings of the camera.
ii. To confirm the above results, we run the One-Way ANOVA and check for
the factors individually against the response i.e. Image Size [Quality of the
Image] and we find out that still, the Shutter Speed has a larger importance.
iii. An inclusion of another factor – Focal Length is made in order to find out
its effect on the image size and that led to a creation of a 23
factorial
design which had 3 factors in all and 2 replicates. We then analyzed the
factorial design, and we drew up the Effects Plot and the Normal
Probability Plot. We found that the Focal Length was the largest factor
that affected the experiment and the interactions of the three factors also
showed up as a significant one.
iv. To make sure that our analysis was correct and we on the right track, we
conducted a Tukey Test with a 95% Confidence Interval and we found that
the difference between the upper limits and the lower limits of the factors
were large and of the same sign, so out Tukey Test was a successful one in
guiding us for following the correct procedure.
v. And lastly, we conducted a Regression Analysis, and we obtained the
regression equation for our model and also reconfirmed that the factors are
significant in the experiment.

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7. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
When we consider only the two factors shutter speed and the aperture, shutter speed
stand outs between the two. But when focal length comes into the scenario, it
becomes the most significant individual factor that affects the size of the image.
The three factors together also, play an important role in affecting the quality of the
image.
The following are the facts that this experiment exhibits,
Shutter Speed affects the size of the image as faster the speed, better the size
of the image on the camera’s sensor
When the three factors – Aperture, Shutter & Focal Length are considered
together, Focal Length of the lens stands out the largest and then the
interactions also play a significant role in the experiment
The objects distance to the camera’s sensor plays a very vital role in
determining the image size i.e. the quality of the image
The shutter speed, the aperture and the distance of the object (all the three at
a definite level) would give the best results
After looking at the ANOVA table that Minitab has generated we can fit in a model
for our experiment,
Photography depends from person to person. So we can actually not recommend any
settings for the image quality because the object would be different all the while. But
after having a run through over the analysis that we just did for this experiment, we can
say that having a medium aperture opening and a shutter speed of 1/50 or 1/100
seconds with a focal length to the minimum will produce a good quality image.
And as a known fact, different lenses will have different apertures so the passage of
light through the aperture to the sensor of the camera will be different.
Image Size = 0.6506 Focal Length + 0.3231 Aperture*Shutter Speed*Focal Length

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8. REFERENCES
Tables
Table Reference No. Title
Table 1 Content of the Project/Index
Table 2 Apparatus Specifications used in the project
Table 3 The Experiment Plan – Initial Design
Table 4 Test Plan
Table 5 Raw Data Tabulation
Table 6 Experiment’s Factorial Layout Design
Table 7 Brief Notes on the Tests Conducted
Exhibits
Sr. No. Title
Exhibit 1 The Six Sigma Concept
Exhibit 2 Revolution in the Storage Media for Camera
Exhibit 3 Factors & The Image Quality
Exhibit 4 SmartArt Diagram - Project Plan
Exhibits 5 The images for the Cameras & Lenses
Online References
Website Links Read For
www.wikipedia.org General Reading & Definitions
www.dpreview.com Apparatus Specifications Information
www.idigitalphoto.com Definitions & General Information
www.imagingresource.com Working style of EOS
www.digital-photography-school.com Famous blog for Photography
www.dpchallenge.com Image Statistics and Analysis
www.canon.com EOS Technology
www.cameralabs.com Expert verdicts on Image Quality

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Text Books
1. Douglas. C. Montgomery, ‘Design and Analysis of Experiments [7th
Edition]’, Wiley
Publications, July 2008
2. G. Robin Henderson, ‘Six Sigma Quality Improvement with Minitab [2nd
Edition],
Wiley Publications, September 2011
Software Packages
1. Minitab 16 [Used for analyzing the data of the experiments. All the graphs and the
Minitab Output tables have been generated by this software package]
2. Microsoft Word 2010 [Used for documenting the project]
3. Primo PDF Converter [Used for converting the word file into a PDF file]
End of Report