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8cmicrobesanddisease 120607150734-phpapp01
1.
8 Microbes and
Disease 11 ooff 3210 © BBooaarrddwwoorrkkss LLttdd 22000045
2.
Contents 8C Microbes
and Disease What are microbes? Uses of microbes How microbes cause disease Fighting disease Summary activities 12 ooff 3210 © BBooaarrddwwoorrkkss LLttdd 22000045
3.
What are microbes?
Microbes are very small living things and are sometimes called micro-organisms. Microbes are so tiny that they cannot be seen with the naked eye. They can only be seen using a microscope. How many different microbes can you name? 13 ooff 3210 © BBooaarrddwwoorrkkss LLttdd 22000045
4.
Different types of
microbes There are three types of microbes: microbes bacteria viruses fungi 14 ooff 3210 © BBooaarrddwwoorrkkss LLttdd 22000045
5.
Bacteria fact file
Bacteria e.g. Salmonella and Streptococcus size: 1/1000 mm shape: Bacteria can be spherical, rod-shaped or comma-shaped. structure: Bacteria are single-celled organisms, which do not completely have a nucleus. Some cause disease, but many are useful. reproduction: Bacteria reproduce very quickly. Two can very quickly become four, then eight and so on. 15 ooff 3210 © BBooaarrddwwoorrkkss LLttdd 22000045
6.
Viruses fact file
Viruses e.g. flu virus and HIV (the AIDS virus) size: 1/1,000,000 mm shape: Viruses have regular and geometric shapes. structure: A virus is a simple organism which does not display ALL the characteristics of living things. They are made up of a protein coating and some genetic material. reproduction: Viruses can only grow and reproduce within other living things. 16 ooff 3210 © BBooaarrddwwoorrkkss LLttdd 22000045
7.
Fungi fact file
Fungi e.g. Penicillium and yeast size: Some fungi can actually be seen with the naked eye, others are slightly bigger than bacterial cells. shape: Fungi come in many different shapes. structure: Fungi have the most complex structures of all the microbes. They feed off other living things. 17 ooff 3210 © BBooaarrddwwoorrkkss LLttdd 22000045
8.
Contents 8C Microbes
and Disease What are microbes? Uses of microbes How microbes cause disease Fighting disease Summary activities 18 ooff 3210 © BBooaarrddwwoorrkkss LLttdd 22000045
9.
Using microbes –
bacteria and fungi Microbes have many uses that are based on the fact that microbes can be grown. Bacteria grow in milk to make it ‘go off’. This type of bacterial growth is used to make milk into yoghurt. Cheese is another product that is made from milk. Fungi can also be used to make food. The meat substitute Quorn is a protein produced using fungi. 19 ooff 3210 © BBooaarrddwwoorrkkss LLttdd 22000045
10.
Using microbes –
yeast Yeast is a type of fungus and carries out respiration. The respiration of this microbe can be used in different ways in baking bread and in brewing. The aerobic respiration of yeast is used to make bread rise. Yeast uses the sugar in bread dough to carry out aerobic respiration: carbon glucose oxygen dioxide water energy What gas produced by the aerobic respiration of yeast causes bread to rise? 110 o of f2 301 © BBooaarrddwwoorrkkss LLttdd 22000045
11.
Using microbes –
yeast The anaerobic respiration of yeast is used to make beer and wine. In this case, the yeast respires without oxygen and produces alcohol (ethanol). This process is known as fermentation. Yeast converts the sugar into alcohol by anaerobic respiration: carbon glucose dioxide ethanol energy How do brewers make sure that yeast respire without oxygen? 111 o of f2 301 © BBooaarrddwwoorrkkss LLttdd 22000045
12.
Contents 8C Microbes
and Disease What are microbes? Uses of microbes How microbes cause disease Fighting disease Summary activities 112 o of f2 301 © BBooaarrddwwoorrkkss LLttdd 22000045
13.
How are microbes
spread? The spreading of microbes and disease is known as transmission. 1. Transmission by air A cough or a sneeze can release millions of microbes into the air which can then infect somebody else. 2. Transmission by water Dirty water can transmit many diseases, e.g. cholera, which can be transmitted by drinking. 113 o of f2 301 © BBooaarrddwwoorrkkss LLttdd 22000045
14.
How are microbes
spread? 3. Transmission by animals An animal can carry a microbe from one place to another, e.g. a mosquito which spreads the malaria parasite. 4. Transmission by contact Many microbes can be exchanged from one person to another by direct or indirect contact: direct contact by hand; indirect contact, e.g. by walking on a wet floor already contaminated by someone else who has athlete’s foot. 114 o of f2 301 © BBooaarrddwwoorrkkss LLttdd 22000045
15.
How is the
spread of disease stopped? The spread of disease can be prevented by making sure that good hygiene is used in key places such as bathrooms and kitchens. Chemicals called antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections. People can be immunized against some diseases by the injection of a vaccine. 115 o of f2 301 © BBooaarrddwwoorrkkss LLttdd 22000045
16.
Contents 8C Microbes
and Disease What are microbes? Uses of microbes How microbes cause disease Fighting disease Summary activities 116 o of f2 301 © BBooaarrddwwoorrkkss LLttdd 22000045
17.
Fighting microbes How
does the body fight off microbes that cause disease? 117 o of f2 301 © BBooaarrddwwoorrkkss LLttdd 22000045
18.
What do white
blood cells do? The human body has a number of natural defences against microbes. Noses are hairy inside to trap microbes! white blood cell The body also produces white blood cells to help defend it from microbes. Some white blood cells can destroy microbes by engulfing them. Some white blood cells are able to produce chemicals called antibodies. These pairing with matching antigens on the surfaces of microbes and so help the white blood cells to engulf microbes. antigen antibody 118 o of f2 301 © BBooaarrddwwoorrkkss LLttdd 22000045
19.
Contents 8 Microbes
and Disease What are microbes? Uses of microbes How microbes cause disease Fighting disease Summary activities 119 o of f2 301 © BBooaarrddwwoorrkkss LLttdd 22000045
20.
Glossary antibiotics –
Chemicals prescribed as medicine to kill bacteria inside the body. antibodies – Chemicals produced by white blood cells to fight microbes that cause disease. bacteria – The type of microbes that are single-celled organisms. fungi – The type of microbes that feed off other living things. microbe – A very small living thing. transmission – The spread of a disease from person to person. viruses – The type of microbes that can only grow and reproduce within other living things. 120 o of f2 301 © BBooaarrddwwoorrkkss LLttdd 22000045
21.
& 121 o
of f2 301 © BBooaarrddwwoorrkkss LLttdd 22000045
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