This document discusses break even analysis, including cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis, contribution, break even point, margin of safety, and break even charts. It defines key terms like contribution, break even point, and margin of safety. The break even point is where total sales equal total variable costs plus fixed costs. Margin of safety is the point above which profit is made. Break even charts graphically show the break even point and relationship between costs, sales, and activity levels. The document also covers multi-product break even analysis and the limitations of CVP analysis.

1. PERFORMANCE
MANAGEMENT
Session2-Break even Analysis

2. Topics Covered
Cost-Volume Profit Analysis
Contribution
Break even point
Margin of safety
Break even chart

3. Cost Volume Profit Analysis-CVP
Effect on future profit due to changes in fixed cost, variable cost, sale price ,
quantity and mix.
Assumptions:
 Sales price per unit is constant.
 Variable costs per unit are constant.
 Total fixed costs are constant.
 Everything produced is sold.
 Costs are only affected because activity changes.
 If a company sells more than one product, they are sold in the same mix.

4. Contribution
 Contribution =Sales value- variable cost
 Contribution to sales ratio-C/S Ratio (P/V ratio)
=Contribution
Sales

5. Break Even Point
 The break-even point represents the level of sales where net income equals
zero. In other words, the point where sales revenue equals total variable costs
plus total fixed costs, and contribution margin equals fixed costs.
 Break even point in units
= Fixed Cost
Contribution per unit
 Break even point in sales value
= Fixed Cost
Contribution ratio
Other ways to calculate the BEP:
Break even in sales value
=Variable cost (percentage)+ fixed cost

6. Margin Of Safety
A point above which profit will be made.
Margin of safety
=Budgeted sales-breakeven sales
Percentage Margin of safety
= Budgeted sales-breakeven sales
Projected sales
Way to calculate profit:
Margin of safety x contribution per unit

7. Calculation of sales to achieve certain
profit
Sales in units
=Fixed cost + Desired Profit
Contribution per unit
Sales in value
=Fixed cost + Desired Profit
C/S Ratio
Page # 102-125

8. Break Even Chart
Axis Y- Cost and revenue
Axis X-Level of activity
Break even point- where total cost and sales revenue meets.
Fixed cost will be shown as separate line.

9. Break even chart

10. Contribution Break Even Chart
Axis Y- Cost and revenue
Axis X-Level of activity
Break even point- where total cost and sales revenue meets.
Variable cost will be shown as separate line.
• Difference between sales line and variable cost line is contribution.

11. Profit Volume Chart
Single line for profit and loss of each activity.
Axis Y-Profit and losses.
Axis X-Zero Profit or loss
Page # 106

12. PV Chart

13. Multi product Break Even Analysis
Assumptions: sales mix remain constant.
Calculation of weighted average C/S ratio
=Total Contribution
Total Revenue
Calculation of Break even revenue:
=Fixed Cost
Weighted average C/S ratio

14. Multi product PV Graph
• Step1- Calculation of C/S ratio of each product.
• Step2-Axis X- Cumulative Sales
• Step3- Drawing of contribution per unit on product in order of profitability.
• Page #114-127

15. Sensitivity Analysis
• It determines the effects of various changes in the CVP model.
• The impact on revenue if variable cost changes, if product mix changes etc.
• Page #117

16. Advantages of break even analysis
 It indicates the lowest amount of activity necessary to prevent loss.
 Helps in decision making.
 Explains the relationship between cost-production volume and returns.

17. Limitation of break even analysis
CVP analysis is based on assumptions about behavior of
Revenue, cost and volume. Change in behavior will later the break even point.
CVP chart also get impacted by assumptions.

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