Orthoptera Zoraptera Dermaptera Plecoptera Phasmida Preying mantis Locust Grasshopper Stonefly

1. PLECOPTERA,DERMAPTERA,EMBIDINA
ZORAPTERA,ORTHOPTERA,PHASMATODEA
POLYNEOPTERAN ORDERS
(ORTHOPTEROID GROUP)
PRESENTER
KAMALRAJ.G
I M.Sc (Agrl.Ento)
ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
TOPIC

2. POLYNEOPTERAN ORDERS

4. Classification of insects
Super class or epiclass: HEXAPODA
Entognatha Ectognatha
Class: INSECTA
Subclass: DICONDYLIA
Infraclass: PTERYGOTA
Division: NEOPTERA
Subdivision: POLYNEOPTERA
(orthopteroid group)
Plecoptera
Dermaptera
Zoraptera
Orthoptera
Embiodea
Phasmatodea
Grylloblattodea
Mantophasmatodea
Mantodea
Blattodea
Orders

5. ORDER-PLECOPTERA
Scientific classification Common name -stonefly
 Kingdom:Animalia
 Phylum:Arthropoda
 Class:Insecta
 Subclass:Pterygota
 Infraclass:Neoptera
 Superorder:Exopterygota
 Order:Plecoptera
Families
 Perlidae (Common Stoneflies)
Taeniopterygidae (Winter Stoneflies)
Nemouridae (Spring Stoneflies)
ETYMOLOGY
Pleco: twisted or plaited
Hind wings are folded at rest
Ptera : wings

7. • Soft bodied insect of moderate to large sized.
• Antenna setaceous
• Mouthparts weak, biting type
• Hind wing pair in most species with a large anal lobe
• Body flattened, legs widely separated
• Tracheal gills present as “tufts” behind the head, and around
the anus
• Each segment of thorax is covered by a large dorsal sclerite
• Cerci long, multi-segmented

8. Growth and development
Plecoptera life cylce
Nymphs are found under the stones in streams or lakes

9. Female with Eggs
Large
no.of eggs
are laid
singly or,
more
often in
batchs of
100 or more
Development is slow, frequently taking more than a
year with many moulds (upto 33) over a period of 3
years for one species
Most of stonefly larvae are phytopagous, feeding on
Lichens, algae etc,
Approx. 3713 species in world, 116 species from India
Naiad
Many stonefly do not
Feed as adults.
Others feed on lichen,
rotten wood
Adult

10. Young ones are naiads and look like may fly naiads
STONE FLY
• Have cerci but no caudal
filament
• Have two tarsal claw
MAY FLY
• Always having both cerci
and caudal filament
• Only one tarsal claw

11. • Stoneflies require clean, well-oxygenated water to survive.
• They are extremely sensitive to water pollution and are used
by ecologists as indicators of water purity.
Economic Importance
FUN FACT
 Aquatic insects were the theme for a series of six postage stamps issued by
Poland on July 16, 1999.
 Immature and adult stages in the life cycle of a stonefly (Perla marginata) are
depicted on this stamp.

12. ORDER EMBIOPTERA
• Kingdom:Animalia
• Phylum:Arthropoda
• Class:Insecta
• Infraclass:Neoptera
• Order:Embioptera
• Families
Andesembiidae
Anisembiidae
Archembiidae
Scientific classification Common Name: Webspinners / Embiids
Etymology
“Embio” meaning lively
“Ptera” meaning wings

14. Appearance of Immatures and Adults:
• Antennae slender, filiform
• Mouthparts mandibulate, prognathous
• Tarsi 3-segmented; basal segment of front
tarsi enlarged, bearing silk glands
• Hind femur enlarged, adapted for running
backward
• Wings present only in adult males, highly
flexible, smoky in color
• Cerci 1-2 segmented; asymmetrical in
males

15. SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
MALE FEMALE
Sexual dimorphism exist; females are apterous, males winged or wignless;
when winged look like adult winged termite ex, Embio major

16. Egg on gallery wall
Nymph
First instar larva in gallery
Adult
LIFE CYCLE

17. Habit and habitat
The outstanding features of embiids is the abitility to spin silk the foretarsi
Foretarsi consist of silk glands which are
globules arranged like pomegranate seeds
Larval embiid in gallery
They prepare galleries in conceled
places like under bark, stones, cracks
crevices or termite mounds
They live within the galleries except during
dispersal; galleries are like Water to fish
Approx world 457 species 31 species from india

18. • Many insects produce silk, but only the
Embioptera make it with glands located in
the forelegs. Other insects produce silk
with their Malpighian tubules or with
modified salivary or labial gland
•Females of different species are so similar
in appearance that it is often impossible to
tell them apart. Identification keys are
based entirely on male characters.
Web spinners have no economic
significance. The insects are small,
reclusive, and do not feed on living plants
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
FUN FACT

19. ORDER-DERMAPTERA
• Kingdom:Animalia
• Phylum:Arthropoda
• Class:Insecta
• Infraclass:Neoptera
• Superorder:Exopterygota
• Order:Dermaptera
Families:
Dermapteridae
Forficulidae
Labiduridae
Carcinophoridae
Scientific classification
Etymology
“Derma” means skin
“Ptera” means wings
Common Name: Earwigs

21. Immatures
• Structurally similar to adults
• Developing wingpads may
be visible on thorax
Adults
• Dorsoventrally flattened
• Winged or apterous
• Mouthparts mandibulate,
prognathous
• Tarsi 3-segmented
• Front wings short and leathery
• Hind wings semicircular and
pleated (fan like)
• Cerci enlarged to form pincers
(forceps)

22. Fore wings
Modified into very short leathery
Tegmina, devoid of veins
Hind wings
Semi circular, made up of anal fan
with modified radial venation
and almost completely folded
beneath tegmina when at rest

24. Biology and Maternal Care
• Eggs are laid in batches in the short burrow excavated by the
female in the debris
• Females remain with egg and nymphs, found licking the eggs
removing fungal spores
• Defend the burrow from any intruder

25. Maternal care

26. Sexual Dimorphism
Hind wing
unfolded
Hind wing
folded

27. Habit and habitat
They are mainly nocturnal and occur in crevices under bark of
Trees, fallen logs and crawl beneath all kinds of debris on the ground
Their food consist of wide range of livings and dead plant and
animal matter ( both phytopagous and predatory )
The foreceps are used for capturing prey, for offence and defence and
Occationally for assisting in folding of the hind wing beneath the tegmina
Approx world 6042 species
463 species from india

28. Order:Zoraptera
• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Arthropoda
• Class: Insecta
• Subclass: Pterygota
• Order: Zoraptera
• Family: Zorotypidae
Etymology
“Zor” Meaning Pure
“Aptera” Meaning Wingless
Common Name: Zorapterans / Angel Insects
Scientific classification

30. Structurally similar to adults
Always wingless
Appearance of Immatures
1.Antennae 9-segmented
2.Mouthparts mandibulate, hypognathous
3.Soft-bodied, small (usually less than 3 mm)
4.Wings often absent, with reduced venation when
present
5.Tarsi 2-segmented
6.Cerci one-segmented
Appearance of Adults

33. Fun facts
The name zorapterans was given before winged
forms were discovered
Zoraptera is the third smallest
insect order. Only Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea
contain fewer species.
In most Zoraptera, there are two forms of adults:
winged individuals are usually brown in color and
have both eyes and ocelli, wingless individuals are
usually blind and pale (unpigmented) in color.
Some species of Zoraptera have been found
living in the nests of termites and mammals.
No one is sure what these insects are doing there.

34. •Wingless forms lack compound eyes and
ocelli but winged forms have compound eyes
and three ocelli
Wings are paddle shaped and shed like in ants
and termites
• Feed on fungal spores and small dead
arthropods
Ex;Zorotypus ceylonicus
Apprx . World -44 species
None from India

36. ORDER:PHASMATODEA
• Kingdom:Animalia
• Phylum:Arthropoda
• Class:Insecta
• Order:Phasmatodea
• Suborder:Verophasmatodea
• Infraorder:Areolatae
Family:Phylliidae
(leaf insect)
• Infraorder:Anareolatae
Family:Phasmatidae
(stick insect)
Scientific classification Common Name: Walkingsticks /
Stick Insects / Leaf Insects / Phasmids
Etymology
“phasm” meaning ghost, refers to
the cryptic appearance and behavior
of these insects

38. Appearance of Immatures and Adults
• Antennae long, slender, setaceous
• Mouthparts mandibulate,
prognathous
• Body long, cylindrical
• Prothorax shorter than meso- or
metathorax
• All legs similar, cursorial leg
• Tarsi 5-segmented
• Wings often reduced or absent
• Cerci short, unsegmented

39. Camouflage
• Stick and leaf insects have developed
the shape and colour of the leaves and
twigs of plants they live on.
• They can change colour to match
changed surroundings. If disturbed,
they may sway gently like leaves or
twigs in the breeze.
• They may drop to the ground, pull
their legs to their body and remain
very still, perfectly camouflaged as a
stick.
• If grabbed by a predator, they can
drop a leg, and later grow a
replacement

40. Family 1.Phyllidae
(leaf insects)
Family 2.Phasmatidae
(stick insect)
Darsoventraly flattened and leaf-like Elongate,body cylindrical and stick
like
Tibiae with a small triangular area
Ex:Phyllium crurifolium
Tibia without a triangular apical area.
Ex.Carausius morosus
Usually 2 families are recognized under phasmatodea

41. Habit and Habitat
• Slow moving herbivores found on tree
and shrubs feeding foliage, found in
tropical Asia and Australia
• Sexual reproduction common although
few species reproduce parthenogenetically
• Few stick insects like Carausius sp., can
regenerate lost legs.(autotomy)
• For example, if a predator attacks and
takes away part of its legs, the lost portion
is regenerated again
If a nymph happens to be caught by a predator, they escape by automizing their legs
subsequently regenerate autoamputation.

42. Fun facts
• Phasmid eggs often resemble seeds. The eggs may remain dormant for
over a year before hatching.
• In some parts of the tropics, stick insects may be so abundant that eggs
falling out of the trees may sound like rain on a tin roof.
• Some walking sticks are sold as pets.
• Glands located on the thorax of many species can produce a foul-smelling
liquid that repels predators.
• Some phasmids change color with changes in temperature, humidity, or
light intensity.
• Stick insects can play dead ( thanatosis)
• Stick insects are the world's longest
(Phryganistria chinensis), which measures 640mm

43. ORDER; ORTHOPTERA
• Kingdom:Animalia
• Phylum:Arthropoda
• Class:Insecta
• Superorder:Orthopterida
• Order:Orthoptera
Common Name: Grasshoppers / Locusts
/ Crickets / Katydids
ETYMOLOGY
“ortho” meaning straight
“ptera” meaning wing

44. Suborder: Caelifera
Super family
Acridoidea
Acrididae
Grasshoppers
locusts
Tetrigidae
Pygmy grasshoppers

45. Suborder: Ensifera
Superfamilies
Grylloidea
Gryllidae -true crickets
Gryllotalpoidea
Myrmecophilidae - ant crickets Gryllotalpidae -mole crickets

46. Schizodactyloidea
Family Schizodactylidae -
dune or splay-footed crickets
Tettigonioidea
Tettigoniidae - bush crickets,
katydids
Rhaphidophoroidea
Rhaphidophoridae -
camel crickets

48. Characters
• They are medium to large sized insects
• Antenna is filiform.
• Mouthparts are mandibulate.
• Prothorax is large. Pronotum is shield like curved, ventrally
covering the pleural region
• Hindlegs are saltatorial

49. • Forewings are leathery, thickened and known as tegmina.
• They are capable of bending without breaking.
• Hindwings are membranous with large anal area.
• They are folded by longitudinal pleats between veins and kept
beneath the tegmina

50. • Cerci are short and unsegmented.
• Ovipositor is well developed in female
• Metamorphosis is gradual.
• In many Orthopterans the newly hatched first instar nymphs
are covered by loose cuticle and are called pronymphs.
• Specialized stridulatory (sound-producing) and auditory
(hearing) organs are present

51. Sub order : Caelifera
Acrididae: (Locusts, Grasshoppers)
• Antenna is short
• Tarsus is three segmented
• Ovipositor is short and horny
• Tympanum is located one on either
side of the first abdominal segmen

52. Cont,
• Sound is produced by femoro-alary mechanism.
• A row of peg like projections found on the inner side of each
hind femur is rubbed against the hard radial vein of the closed
tegmen.
• Locusts are a serious threat to tropical agriculture. They
swarm under favourable conditions and mainly feed on
grasses, cereals etc.

53. Sub order : Ensifera
Tettigonidae : (Katydids, Long horned grasshoppers)
• Antenna is long, slender as long as or longer than the body.
• Tarsus is four segmented
• Ovipositor is sword like
• Auditory organs are found in foretibiae. In each
foretibia a pair of tympanum is present.

54. Cont,
• Sound production is alary type.
• A thick region on the hind margin of the forewing (scraper) is
rubbed against a row of teeth on the stridulatory vein (file)
present on the ventral side of another forewing which throws
the resonant area on the wing (mirrors) into vibrations to
produce sound.

55. Gryllidae (Cricket)
• Antenna is long.
• Tarsus is four segmented.
• Ovipositor is slender and needle like.
• Forewings are abruptly bent down to cover the sides of the
body
• Hindwings are acuminate. They are produced into a pair of
long processes which project beyond the abdomen

56. Cont,
• Cerci are long and unsegmented
• Auditory organs and stridulatory organs are similar to long
horned grasshopper
• Males stridulate during night. They produce a shrill chirping
noise.
• Gryllus sp. It is household pest.

57. Gryllotalpidae : (Mole crickets)
• They are brown coloured insects found inside the burrows.
• Eyes are reduced
• Pronotum is elongate, ovate and rounded posteriorly
• Forelegs are fossorial
• Tibiae are expanded and digitate
• Hindwings are extended beyond the tegmina as a pair of
processes

58. Cont,
• Special stridulatory structures are absent.
• A humming sound is produced by rubbing the forewings
• A pair of tympanum is found on the order surface of the tibiae
• Ovipositor is vestigeal
• Mole crickets burrow into the soil and feed on tender roots of
growing plants.
• Gryllotalpa africana is a pest on stored potatoes.

59. Difference
Suborder ensifera Suborder caelifera
Antennae with well over 30 segments ,
about as long than body
Antennae with less than 30 segments
and shorter than half the body length
Tympanal organs when present on fore
tibia
Tympanal organs when present at base
of abdomen (sides of first abdominal
segment)
Ovipositor when present sword like or
stilletoform
Ovipositor short and robust
Sound produced usually by rubbing
forewings together(alary type)
Sound production usually by rubbing
femur and forewings together
(femoroalary type)

60. Suborder Ensifera Suborder caelifera
Long horned grasshopper crickets and
mole crickets
Short horned –grasshoppers,locusts.

61. Suborder Ensifera Suborder caelifera
Antennae with well over 30 segments,
about as long than body
Antennae with less than 30 segments
and shorter than half the body length

62. Suborder ensifera Suborder caelifera
Sound produced usually by rubbing
forewings together(alary type)
Sound production usually by rubbing
femur and forewings together
(femoroalary type)
Tympanal organs when present on fore
tibia
Tympanal organs when present at base
of abdomen (sides of first abdominal
segment)
Ovipositor when present sword like Ovipositor short and robust

65. Phase theory of locust- Uravov
 They used to solitarious
in habit.
 Solitarious individuals
are repelled from other
locusts.
 Walk slowly with
creeping.
 Active mostly at night.
 Nymphs and adults
are definitely
gregarious.
 They are attracted to
conspecifics.
 Walk rapidly with
upright gait.
 Active mostly at day.
Solitary Gregarious
Transient phase

67. The solitary phase
nymphs are greenish
in early instar,
white older adults
and greyish.
Phase solitary Phase Gregarious
Body is pinkish with
black pattern in early intars
and yellow in adults
Pronotum longer and crested,
long femur
Short pronotum, saddle shaped
and shor femur

68. REFERENCES
• https://genent.cals.ncsu.edu/insect-identification/order
• https://wiki.bugwood.org/Orthoptera
• https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendiu
m/orthoptera.html
• Gullan, P.J. and P.S. Cranston. 2010. The Insects- An
Outline of Entomology, Wiley-Blackwell, Sussex, UK. 565 p
• Chapman, R.F. 2013. The Insects: Structure and function.
Cambridge University Press,
Edinburgh, Cambridge, UK, 961 p.

69. THANKS FOR YOUR KIND
ATTENTION