4. Content :-
Classification of energy
Difference between conventional & non
conventional sources
Need of renewable energy
KYOTO protocol
Clean Development Mechanism
5. Classification Of Energy
Sources
Renewable Energy Sources (Non-
Conventional):- Solar Energy ,Wind Energy,
Geothermal Energy , Tidal Energy , Biomass.
Non Renewable Energy Sources
(Conventional):- Coal, Oil, Gas, Hydro power,
Diesel power
6. Difference Between Conventional
&Non Conventional Sources
Conventional Energy Sources Non- Conventional Energy
Sources
Not Easily Available Easily Available sources of energy
Some special process are requird to
derive sources
Most of sources are freely available
in nature
Polluting, Harmfull, and dangerous
for human beings and nature
Non Polluting
Losses Are More Losses Are Less
Eg. Coal, Oil, Gas, Hydro power,
Diesel power
Eg. Solar ,Biomass, Fuel Cells,
Hydel , Wind
7. Fossil Fuels are limited
It is eco-friendly
It is stable and reliable source of energy
It has economic stability
It provides the foundation for energy
independence
Less Maintenance facilities
Need Of Renewable Energy
8. KYOTO Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in KYOTO, Japan on 11
December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005.
The Kyoto protocol was the first agreement between nations to
mandate country-by-country reductions in greenhouse-gas
emissions.
Kyoto emerged from the UN Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC), which was signed by nearly all nations at
the 1992 mega-meeting popularly known as the Earth Summit.
There are 192 parties to the Kyoto Protocol bto the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change which aims
to combat global warming
9. Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM)
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is
one of the Flexible Mechanisms defined in the
Kyoto Protocol (IPCC, 2007) that provides for
emissions reduction projects which generate
Certified Emission Reduction units (CERs)
which may be traded in emissions trading
scheme
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is
one of the three market based instruments
developed under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce
global carbon emissions.
11. Contents-
Solar Energy
Types Of Solar Collector
Flat Plate Collector
Liquid Flat Plate Collector
Parabolic Trough Collector
Mirror Strip Collector
Fresnel Lens Collector
Solar PV Technology
Solar Cell
12. Solar Energy
Solar energy is energy from the sun in the form of
radiated heat and light. Radient energy can be used
to provide lightning and heat for buildings & to
produce electricity.
Solar energy does mot create pollution & widely
used by many countries
Ways to convert solar energy into electricity-
Photovoltaic system and solar thermal
technologies
13. Types Of Solar Collectors
Non –concentrating type- 1) Flat plate collector
2)Liquid flat plate collector
Concentrating type-1)Parabolic trough collector
2)Mirror strip Reflector 3)Fresnel lens collector
15. Its common type of solar collector which have
been in use since the 1950s.
The main components of a flat plate panel are a
dark colored flat plate absorber with an
insulated cover, a heat transferring liquid
containing antifreeze to transfer heat from the
absorber to the water tank, and an insulated
backing.
The flat plate feature of the solar panel
increases the surface area for heat absorption.
The heat transfer liquid is circulated through
copper or silicon tubes contained within the flat
surface plate.
This design of solar panel is, overall, slightly less
compact and less efficient
20. Solar Photovoltaic Technology
Solar cells , also called photovoltaic (PV)
calls by scientists, convert sunlight directly
into electricity. PV ges its name from the
process of converting light to electricity,
which is called PV effect.
PV effect was discovered in1954
Solar P V technology is focused on solar
panels.
Solar Panels converts 12%to 21% of energy
from the sun depending on the material &
temperature
21. Solar Cell
It consist of
• Semiconductor in which electron
hole pairs are created by absorption
of incident solar radiation
• Region containing a drift field for
charge separation
• Charge collecting front and back
electrodes
24. Wind Energy
Wind energy is just what it sound like;
energy that we get from the wind.
The moving air has huge amounts of kinetic
energy, and this can be transferred into
electrical energy using wind turbines,
The wind turns the blades , which span a
shaft which connect to a generator & makes
electricity.
One wind turbine can produce enough
electricity to power up to 300ohm
25. Wind Speed & Power Relation
If P=mechanical power in moving air
ρ= air density
A =area swept by rotor blades
V=velocity of air
26. Power Extracted By The Wind
P0= mechanical power extracted by the rotor
V=upstream wind velocity
V0=downstream wind velocity
30. Hydro- Energy
Hydroelectric power plants – A dam is built across a large river to create a
reservoir. The higher the head, the greater the amount of power that
can be generated. Water is stored in a reservoir during low electricity
production. Water is released and flows are controlled as electricity
demands peak. Water spins the turbines in the “powerhouse”.
Electricity is distributed to end user.
31. Tidal Power- power created from tidal energy
Advantages Disadvantages
1. tidal energy spins turbines 1. few suitable sites
2. Construction costs high
Schemes feasibility and viability
Tidal and Wave Energy
36. Importance of ESS...
Thrust for Renewable Energy sources
Variable outputs
Energy Buffering
Importance in the present context
Why new technologies and devices?
38. Flywheel energy storage
Flywheel energy storage systems are
one of energy storage devices. They
store energy mechanically in the
flywheel rotor by rotating the rotor
while as chemical batteries stores
energy electrically. When we want to
use the stored energy in the rotor, a
generator is used to convert
mechanical energy to electrical energy.
Flywheel systems are not sensitive to
temperature since they are operating
in a vacuum containment. Therefore,
the hybrid vehicle with flywheel
systems can run without any problem
at very cold or hot areas. And,
flywheel systems can store more
energy per system weight compared to
chemical batteries,
The flywheel system is a very efficient
energy storage device, it can be used
for various applications.
39. Other Energy Storage
Super Conductors
Super Capacitors
Fuel Cells
Compressed air energy storage
Pumped storage
40. Hybrid wind solar energy system
DC-DC converter
generator
Micro-
controller
AC-DC
rectifier
DC-DC
converter
DC-DC
inverter
load
Photo voltaic
array
Driver
unit
46. Harmonic Distortion
Non
Linear
Load
Vs
Is
Deviation from a perfect sine wave can be represented by
Harmonics.
Sinusoidal Component having a frequency that is an integral
multiple of the Fundamental frequency.
THD =
sum of squares of amplitudes of all harm
onics
square of amplitudeof fundamental
x 100
47. Voltage Transient
Transient disturbances are caused by the injection of
energy by switching or by lightning
Causes
Lightning
Capacitor Switching
Load switching
48. Voltage Sag and swell
• Reduction in the ac voltage, at the power frequency, for
durations from a half-cycle to a few seconds.
• Voltage Sag is Characterized by two parameters – Magnitude and
Duration
• Power Electronics Loads are Sensitive to Voltage Sags
49. Causes for Sag
Motor Starting
Transformer Energization
Transmission Faults
Causes for Swell
Single line to ground fault
Removing a large load /
adding a large capacitor
bank
Causes of Voltage Sag and swell
50. Voltage Flicker
Definition
Repetitive or random variations of the voltage envelope modulated at
frequencies less than 25 Hz, which the human eye can detect as a
variation in the lamp intensity of a standard bulb due to sudden changes
in the real and reactive Power drawn by a load
