Vishram Singh - Textbook of Anatomy Upper Limb and Thorax.. Volume 1 (1).pdf
Lecture 16
1. The Ferment ofThe Ferment of
Reform & CultureReform & Culture
1790-1860
2. Religion in AmericaReligion in America
• 75% of 23 million attended
church regularly
• Religion had become more
liberal
• 1794 – Thomas Paine’s
The Age of Reason
attacked the church
3. In France, I had almost always seen
the spirit of religion and the spirit of
freedom pursuing courses diametrically
opposed to each other; but in America,
I found that they were intimately
united, and that they reigned in common
over the same country… Religion was the
foremost of the political institutions of
the United States.
-- Alexis de Tocqueville, 1832
The Rise of Popular ReligionThe Rise of Popular Religion
R1-1
4. • Deism
–Franklin & Jefferson
–Relied on reason over faith
• Unitarianism
–belief in God as one person
not the Trinity
–Stressed the essential
goodness of human beings
6. The Second GreatThe Second Great
AwakeningAwakening
• 1800 - began as a backlash
against the liberalism of the
Age of Reason
• Led to an era of evangelism
& reform
11. • Charles Grandison Finney
–Greatest of
revival
preachers
–Conducted
revivals in
eastern cities
12. The ranges of tents, the
fires, reflecting light…; the
candles and lamps illuminating
the encampment; hundreds
moving to and fro…;the
preaching, praying, singing,
and shouting,… like the sound
of many waters, was enough
to swallow up all the powers
of contemplation.
Charles G. FinneyCharles G. Finney
(1792 – 1895)(1792 – 1895)
“soul-shaking”
conversion
R1-2
13. New Religious SectsNew Religious Sects
• “Burned-Over District”
–Western NY
• Adventists (Millerites)
–William Miller led to believe
the second coming was to
happen on Oct. 22, 1844
18. • Mormons followed Smith west
to Ohio, Missouri & finally
Illinois
• Persecuted for cooperativism,
voting as a unit, having their
own militia, & practicing
polygamy
19. • 1844: Joseph Smith & his
brother were killed by a mob in
Carthage, IL
• 1846-47: Brigham Young led
Mormons to Salt Lake, Utah
–5000 settled by 1848
22. Education ReformsEducation Reforms
• Free tax-supported
education slowly gained
support at all levels of
society (1825-1850)
–The Little Red Schoolhouse
& the “3 R’s”
26. Noah WebsterNoah Webster
• “Schoolmaster
of the Republic”
• Improved
textbooks &
standardized an
American
dictionary
27. William H. McGuffeyWilliam H. McGuffey
• Created McGuffey’s
Readers
• Taught grammar,
morality,
patriotism, &
idealism to grade
schoolers
28. Higher EducationHigher Education
• Second Great Awakening
led to the creation of many
small, denominational
liberal-arts colleges
• Federal land grant colleges
29. University of Virginia 1819University of Virginia 1819
• Founded & designed by
Thomas Jefferson
• Founded as a non-religious
institution dedicated to
science & modern language
35. Memory AidMemory Aid
• A Totally Wicked Elephant
Made People Devour Worms
• Abolition
• Temperance
• Women’s Rights
• Education
• Mental Inst.
• Prisons
• Debtors prisons
• War
36. • Women very involved in
abolitionism, women’s
suffrage & other reforms
37. Prison ReformPrison Reform
• Laboring class voted for
an end to debtors prisons
• Number of capital crimes
reduced
• Prisons called to reform
instead of punish
38. Dorothea DixDorothea Dix
• Traveled 60,000 miles
chronicling the abuses
against the mentally ill
• Petitioned Massachusetts
Legislature to improve
conditions
43. Ten Nights in a BarroomTen Nights in a Barroom
and What I Saw Thereand What I Saw There
• Novel by T.S. Arthur in
1854
• Depicted how a stable
village was transformed by
a new tavern
44.
45. ““The Drunkard’s Progress”The Drunkard’s Progress”
the first glass to the gravethe first glass to the grave, 1846, 1846
46. • Neal S. Dow
–sponsored the Maine Law
of 1851
–prohibited the manufacture
& sale of alcohol
–12 states had laws by 1857
47. Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights
• Industrial Rev. had
separated men & women
into distinct roles
• Women physically &
emotionally weak yet
artistic & refined
• “Cult of domesticity”
54. Seneca Falls (1848)Seneca Falls (1848)
• Women’s Rights Convention
• 61 women, 34 men attended
• “Declaration of Sentiments”
read by Stanton
–“All men & women are created
equal”
–Demanded women’s suffrage
55. • Launched woman’s rights
movement
• Eclipsed by Abolition &
the Civil War
56. UtopianismUtopianism
• 40+ communes created
during the period
• New Harmony (1825)
–Robert Owen established in
Indiana with 1000 people
–Attracted scholars &
scoundrels
57. Brook Farm (1841)Brook Farm (1841)
• 20 transcendentalist
intellectuals
• Successful attempt at
communal living until fire
destroyed the experiment
58. Oneida Colony (1848)Oneida Colony (1848)
• Founded in NY
• Experimented in “complex
marriages” & eugenics
• Made & sold steel traps &
silverware
• Troubles with law led to end
59. Shakers (1776-1940)Shakers (1776-1940)
• 6000 members in 1840
• Celibacy & simplicity
• Equal spirit of men &
women
• Opposition to marriage &
sex led to extinction
77. • The Knickerbocker Group
–Washington Irving
•1st
to gain international
recognition
•Rip Van Winkle
–James Fenimore Cooper
•1st
American novelist to gain
world fame
•Last of the Mohicans
81. Ralph Waldo EmersonRalph Waldo Emerson
• Famous address to Phi
Beta Kappa “The American
Scholar”
• Stressed self-reliance, self-
improvement, optimism &
freedom as a practical
philosopher
83. Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau
• Poet & non-conformist
• Walden: Or Life in the
Woods
• Refused to pay taxes to
support war in Mexico
• Civil Disobedience
86. Literary LightsLiterary Lights
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
–Historically-based poems
• John Greenleaf Whittier
–Influenced social action
• James Russell Lowell
–Political satirist
• Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes
–Poet
87. • William Gilmore Simms
–Southern novelist
• Edgar Allan Poe
–Short story author
• Nathaniel Hawthorne
–The Scarlet Letter
• Herman Melville
–Moby Dick
88. Daily DiversionsDaily Diversions
• Stage plays: Uncle Tom’s
Cabin & Ten Nights in a
Barroom
• Famous Actors: Edwin
Forrest, Junius Brutus
Booth (sons Edwin Booth
& John W. Booth)
89. • Horse racing
• Baseball (1845)
NY Knickerbockers 1858NY Knickerbockers 1858
91. • Upper class crowd
“summered” at resorts
like Saratoga Springs &
Newport, RI
• Rich often made the
“Grand Tour” of Europe
92. Alexis de ToquevilleAlexis de Toqueville
• Democracy in America
(1835)
• Individualism & equality
characterized antebellum
America
93. The Frontier ExperienceThe Frontier Experience
• Frederick Jackson Turner
• “Significance of the
Frontier in American
History”
• 1893 essay described that
the frontier forged the
American character