This presentation provides both an overview of the history of artificial intelligence, as well as a look at how AI is impacting healthcare now- and how it will impact it in the near future. This presentation was created by Kimberley R, Barker, MLIS.

1. Artificial Intelligence
&
Healthcare
Kimberley R. Barker, MLIS
Librarian for Digital Life
Claude Moore Health Sciences Library

2. Learning Objectives
• Learn to define “Artificial Intelligence”
• Learn about the history of AI
• Learn the difference between AI and machine learning
• Learn about AI industry leaders
• Learn about popular current uses of machine learning in daily
life
• Learn about current healthcare applications for AI
• Learn about barriers to AI
• Learn about possible AI uses in the near future

3. AI: definition
•“…the theory and development of computer
systems able to perform tasks that normally
require human intelligence, such as visual
perception, speech recognition, decision-
making, and translation between
languages.”

4. AI: a brief history
•An ancient idea
•Talos & Galatea

5. AI: a brief history, 2
• 1206- Al-Jazari creates a programmable orchestra of
mechanical human beings
• 1580- Rabbai Judah Loew Ben Bezalel (allegedly)
creates the Golem
• 1642- Blaise Pascal invents the first digital calculating
machine
• 1726- Jonathon Swift publishes Gulliver’s Travels !
the Engine:“a Project for improving speculative
Knowledge by practical and mechanical Operations ”

6. AI: a brief history 3
• 1818- Mary Shelley publishes Frankenstein; or The Modern
Prometheus- speculates on the ethics of creating life
• 1863- Samuel Butler speculates that machines will one day become
conscious and supplant humanity
• 1941- Konrad Zuse builds first working program-controlled computer
• 1945- Game theory is introduced in Theory of Games and Economic
Behavior; integral to development of modern AI
• 1950- Alan Turing introduces the idea of the Turing Test
• 1950- Isaac Asimov publishes The Three Laws of Robotics

7. AI: a brief history 4
• 1951- first working AI programs written; checkers and chess
• 1955- Arthur Samuels builds a program which learns how to play
checkers
• 1956- Dartmouth College Summer AI Conference organized (term
“artificial intelligence” is coined)
• 1959- Jonathon McCarthy and Marvin Minsky found the MIT AI Lab
• Late 1950’s-early 1960’s- Margaret Masterson and colleagues design
semantic nets for machine translation
• 1960’s- Ray Solomonoff lays foundation of mathematical theory of AI

8. AI: a brief history, 5
• 1963- ANALOGY (written by Thomas Evans) demonstrates that
computers can solve the same analogy questions that are given on IQ
tests
• 1965- ELIZA- interactive program that carries on a dialogue in English,
on any topic
• 1965- DENDRAI, 10-year effort to to deduce the molecular structure of
organic compounds using scientific instrument data. First expert
system
• 1966- Ross Quillian demonstrates semantic nets
• 1969- Shakey the Robot demonstrated animal locomotion, perception
and problem-solving

9. AI: a brief history 6
• Early 1970’s- Jane Robinson establishes a Natural Language
Processing Center
• 1973- Assembly Robotics Group builds Freddy Robot; capable of
using visual perception to locate and assemble models
• 1975- Marvin Minsky publishes “Frames”; brings together ideas
about schemas and semantic links
• 1979-the Stanford Cart; first computer-controlled automated
vehicle. Successfully navigated a room full of chairs
• 1986- robot cars from the University of Munich drove up to 55
mph on empty streets

10. AI: a brief history 7
• 1986- Barbara Grosz and Candace Sidner create the first computation
model of discourse, establishing the field of research.
• 1997- Deep Blue chess machine defeats the (then) world chess
champion, Garry Kasparov.
• 1998- Furby released (first successful attempt at producing a type of
A.I to reach domestic market)
• 1998- Tim Berners-Lee publishes Semantic Web Road Map
• Late 1990’s- Web crawlers and other AI-based information extraction
programs become essential in widespread use of the Internet

11. AI: a brief history 8
• 2000- Nomad robot explores remote regions of Antarctica looking for
meteorite samples
• 2002- Roomba released (autonomous vacuum)
• 2004- DARPA Grand Challenge (prize money for autonomous vehicles)
• 2004- “Spirit” and “Opportunity” autonomously navigate Mars
• 2005- Recommendation technology based on tracking web activity
brings AI to marketing.
• 2005- Blue Brain- project to simulate the brain at molecular detail
• 2009- Google self-driving car

12. AI: a brief history 9
• 2010- Microsoft Kinect (machine learning for human motion capture)
• 2011- Watson defeats Jeopardy! champions
• 2011-2014- Siri, Google Now, Cortana (natural language;
recommendations; perform actions)
• 2013- NEIL (Never Ending Image Learner) released at Carnegie Mellon
University; constantly compared and analyzed relationships between
different images
• 2015- Hawking, Musk, Wozniak and 3,000 researchers in AI and robotics
sign open letter calling for ban on research of autonomous weapons

13. AI: a brief history 10
• 2017- Asilomar Conference on Beneficial AI; discussed AI ethics
and strategies for bringing about beneficial AI while avoiding
risk from artificial general intelligence.

14. “Artificial intelligence
(AI) in healthcare is
estimated to become a
$77.6 billion industry
by 2022.”- IDC in 2018

15. Neural Networks- crucial to development
•“A Neural Network is a computer system
designed to work by classifying
information in the same way a human
brain does. It can be taught to
recognize, for example, images, and
classify them according to elements
they contain.”

17. AI in Pop Culture
• C-3PO
• Skynet
• Baymax
• WOTAN (Doctor Who)
• Omnius (Dune)
• Cylons
• Transformers
• The Matrix

18. AI vs. Machine Learning
• AI is the broad category;
machine learning is one application of AI
• “AI is basically the intelligence –
how we make machines intelligent,
while machine learning is the
implementation of the computer methods
that support it.”
For examples, if the category
was pasta, tortellini would be
one type of pasta.

19. Machine Learning- definition
• “Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence
(AI) that provides systems the ability to automatically learn
and improve from experience without being explicitly
programmed. Machine learning focuses on the development of
computer programs that can access data and use it learn for
themselves.”
• *pattern recognition
• ML is really “start of the art” of AI; true AI isn’t a reality yet

20. Examples of Machine Learning
• Virtual Personal Assistants- Siri, Alexis, Cortana
• Traffic predictions
• Surveillance systems
• Computer vision ! how Pinterest knows
which pins to recommend
• Facial recognition
• Chatbots- the Facebook kerfluffle
• Shopping recommendations (Alibaba)

21. Examples of Machine Learning
• Purchase predictions
• Video games
• Self-driving cars
• Fraud detection
• News generation
• Pandora

22. AI Industry Leaders

23. Examples of AI start-ups
• Zipline- blood & vaccine delivery via drones
• Everlaw- trial preparation through document analysis
• Voicera- personal assistant
• ShieldAI- drones in combat situations (mapping,
identification)

24. Why AI in healthcare?
•Save time/efficiency
•Shortage of clinicians
•Improve patient outcomes

25. Why AI now?
•The perfect storm
•Tons of data (big data)
•Robust algorithms
•Processing power

26. Barriers to use of AI in healthcare
•Dirty data (data management has to happen first)
•Silo’d data
•Lack of infrastructure/data management plan
•DMP should be predicated on International Data
Corporation (IDC) Third Platform Principles,
which are anchored by 4 areas:
•Big Data & Analytics
•Cloud
•Mobile
•Social

27. AI & healthcare
• Predictive analytics/modeling
• Pattern recognition
• Disease detection
• Patient self-monitoring (builds on the “quantified self”)
• Scheduling

28. Predictive Analytics/Modelling
• Increase the accuracy of diagnoses
• Improve preventive medicine and public health
• Enhance personalized care
• Accurately predict insurance costs
• Streamline research and development with prediction models
• Guide drug development to deliver medications that meet
public need
• Better patient outcomes

29. Pattern Recognition!disease detection
• Skin cancer detection
• Arterys- AI assistant for radiologists (1st FDA
approval) “self-teaching artificial neural network
which has learned from 1,000 cases so far, and will
continue to improve its knowledge and
understanding of how the heart works with each new
case it examines.”

30. Patient Self-Monitoring
• Chronic and acute conditions; post-surgery
• PeerWell- AI for total joint replacement
• Patients begin using app before surgery. Patients receive
customized daily lessons and tasks which require them to input
their results directly into the app. Machine learning algorithm
adjusts pre- and post-surgery instructions based on patient input.
• AI apps for more common ailments
• Diabetes management
• Palliative care
• Congenital heart disease

31. Scheduling
• The Baymax Messenger bot- works through popular messaging
apps to take health information from patients, scans info on
doctors, looks at available appointments, and schedules
patients with the appropriate care provider.

32. Future applications of AI in healthcare

33. Questions?

34. Resources
• Timeline of Artificial Intelligence https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence
• History of Machine Learning https://www.estory.io/timeline/view/
JlYn6L/445/History_of_Machine_Learning
• “What Is The Difference Between Artificial Intelligence And Machine
Learning?” https://bit.ly/2jHOxFA
• “The future is now?
• Zipline http://www.flyzipline.com/
• Everlaw- trial prep via document analysis https://www.everlaw.com/
• Voicera- https://www.voicera.com/ Eva, AI assistant

35. Resources
• “Neural Network | Human Brain versus computer” https://
techbuf.com/human-brain-neural-network/
• ShieldAI- drones for combat situations (mapping buildings, etc)
https://www.shield.ai/
• Wordsmith- https://automatedinsights.com/wordsmith
• AI’s role in healthcare starts small, gets bigger”
https://bit.ly/2F93JZu
• “How AI is transforming healthcare and solving problems in 2017”
https://bit.ly/2qWvugp
• “Google, Fitbit, startups storm into healthcare AI” https://bit.ly/
2ryvJgn
•

36. Resources
• “Artificial intelligence messenger bot, Baymax” https://
www.medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com/artificial-intelligence-
messenger-bot/
• “’Big Hero 6': The Science Behind Baymax, Disney's Big, Soft Robot”
https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/gadgets/big-hero-6-science-
behind-baymax-disneys-big-soft-robot-n240241
• “No, Facebook Did Not Panic and Shut Down an AI Program That Was
Getting Dangerously Smart” https://gizmodo.com/no-facebook-
did-not-panic-and-shut-down-an-ai-program-1797414922
• “Google Self-Driving Cars Have Learned How to Interpret Cyclists'
Hand Signals” http://fortune.com/2016/07/06/google-self-driving-
cars-cyclist/

37. Resources
• “Predictive analytics in health care using machine learning tools
and techniques” https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8250771/
• “How artificial intelligence is revolutionizing the patient
experience in healthcare” https://www.telusinternational.com/
articles/ai-patient-experience-healthcare/
• “These ER Docs Invented a Real Star Trek Tricorder” https://
www.nbcnews.com/mach/technology/these-er-docs-invented-
real-star-trek-tricorder-n755631
• “What Companies Are Winning The Race For Artificial
Intelligence?” https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2017/02/24/
what-companies-are-winning-the-race-for-artificial-intelligence/
#34820637f5cd

38. Resources
• “Just a Few of the Amazing Things AI Is Doing in Healthcare”
https://singularityhub.com/2018/03/29/just-a-few-of-the-
amazing-things-ai-is-doing-in-healthcare/
#sm.00000ffrfb4hgpe2xxzxbtpckn6ws
• “Artificial intelligence powers digital medicine” https://
www.nature.com/articles/s41746-017-0012-2
• “Man against machine: AI is better than dermatologists at
diagnosing skin cancer” https://www.eurekalert.org/
pub_releases/2018-05/esfm-mam052418.php

39. Resources
• “Zipline, which delivers lifesaving medical supplies by
drone, now valued at $1.2 billion” https://www.cnbc.com/
2019/05/17/zipline-medical-delivery-drone-start-up-now-
valued-at-1point2-billion.html
• AITopics https://aitopics.org/search
• Worldwide Artificial Intelligence Spending Guide
https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=IDC_P33198