Maternal influence on child's behaviour

PRESENTED BY
DR. KOMAL BAGDE
II MDS

MATERNAL INFLUENCE
ON DEVELOPMENT OF
CHILD’S BEHAVIOUR.
Introduction
Maternal influence on personality development
Effect of maternal attitude
Effect of maternal anxiety
Effect of mother’s presence in the operatory
References

Introduction
Mothers generally have more contact with their
children than do the father & because it is speculated
that mother-child relationships are more intimate
than father- child ones.
Psycholgic status as such of the mother is not
transmitted to the fetus, it is believed that the fetus
may be influenced by changes in the mother’s
neurohormonal system, which are transmitted
through the placenta.

MATERNAL INFLUENCE ON
DEVELOPMENT OF CHILD’S
BEHAVIOUR.
A child’s behavior is dependent to a significant degree on the type
of interaction that they have with their parents.
A great deal can be learned about a child’s behavior by talking with
the parents and observing how the child relates to them.
Specific types of parental attitudes have been identified that can
lead to characteristic maladaptive behavior in their children.

BEHAVIOUR.
Bell termed “one-tailed theory” (1964).
Parents are independent variable and children to be dependent
variable
According to this theory many of child’s characteristics, including his
personality, behaviour, and reaction to stressful situations are the direct
product of various parental- maternal characteristic.

BEHAVIOUR.
Bayley and schaefer (1967) indicate most of the relevant mother-
child relationship falls into two broad categories: AUTONOMY
vs CONTROL & HOSTILITY vs LOVE.
They developed a model in which gradations of maternal
behaviour are arranged sequentially around the two reference
pairing.
CONSISTENCY OF MATERNAL AND CHILD BEHAVIORS IN THE BERKELEY GROWTH STUDY. BAYLEY N. Vita Hum
Int Z Lebensalterforsch. 1964;23:73-95.

AUTONOMY
LOVE
CONTROL
HOSTILITY
freedom
democratic
cooperative
accepting
Overindulgent
Protective
indulgent
Overprotective
Demanding
antagonist
Authoritarian
dictatorial
Possessive
rejecting
neglecting
indifferent
detached
CONSISTENCY OF MATERNAL AND CHILD BEHAVIORS IN THE BERKELEY GROWTH STUDY. BAYLEY N. Vita Hum Int Z Lebensalterforsch.

BERKELEY GROWTH STUDY: behaviour of mothers were rated and than correlated
with the behaviour of the sons.
Loving mother- calm, happy sons while Hostile mother-excitable and unhappy.
Mothers who allowed autonomy and affection-friendly, cooperative & attentive
Punitive and ignoring mother- no positive behaviour.
CONSISTENCY OF MATERNAL AND CHILD BEHAVIORS IN THE BERKELEY GROWTH STUDY. BAYLEY N. Vita Hum Int Z
Lebensalterforsch. 1964;23:73-95.

Effect of maternal attitudes
MOTHER’S BEHAVIOUR CHILD’S BEHAVIOUR
OVERPROTECTIVE DOMINANT SHY, SUBMISSIVE, ANXIOUS
OVERINDULGENT AGGRESSIVE, DEMANDING, DISPLAY
OF TEMPER TANTRUMS
UNDER AFFECTIONATE USUALLY WELL BEHAVED BUT MAY
BE UNABLE TO COOPERATE, SHY,
MAY CRY EASILY
REJECTING AUTHORITARIAN AGGRESSIVE, OVERACTIVE,
DISOBEDIENT, EVASIVE AND
DAWDLING
CONSISTENCY OF MATERNAL AND CHILD BEHAVIORS IN THE BERKELEY GROWTH STUDY. BAYLEY N. Vita Hum Int Z
Lebensalterforsch. 1964;23:73-95.

Overprotection
These parents do not allow their children opportunities to
experience and leave to cope with the problems and anxieties
of life.
As a result they are frequently very shy, submissive, fearful of
new situations, and lacking in self-confidence.
Parents may harbor anxieties about dentistry because of
previous personal experiences and may well impact these
anxieties to their children.
Louis Ripa. Maternal influence on child’s behaviour in the dental situation. Management of dental behaviour in children; vol 1 pg no-15 to 26.

Overprotection
The usual feeling mothers have for their children is love and
affection. This is considered a pre requisite for the healthy
emotional development of child.
Factors stimulating mother’s overprotection:
• A history of miscarriages
• Long delay in conception
• Family’s financial condition
• Period of sterility
• Death of another sibling
• Mother’s awareness of she cannot have more children
• Serious illness/ handicapping condition.
• Paternal absence due to death or divorce.

Overprotection
Signs of overprotective mother:
• Excessive care to the child: Feeding dressing and bathing
continues till unusual age.
• Constant involvement in child’s daily social activity & may
not allow to take ordinary risk involved with the play.
• She often shows excessive concerns regarding child’s
routine dental or medical problems.

Overprotection
Children of dominating overprotective mothers exhibit extreme
shyness, submissive behaviour and anxiety.
• The submissive child will usually be a co-operative dental patient,
although establishing rapport or even casual communication may be
difficult.
The children of overindulgent overprotective mothers are aggressive
and demanding and expect constant attention and service.
• The aggressive child will usually not be anxious in a new or unfamiliar
environment such as the dental office. However, he may expect or
demand the dentist’s attention.

Overindulgence
Children of overindulgent parents often develop distorted views of their
portion in society.
They learn to manipulate their parents into satisfying all of their wants
and tend to act superior, bossy, and demanding.
Typically, they present the same type of behaviour when confronted by
the dental situation and are often classified as the "defiant" or "spoiled"
child.

Overindulgence
Overindulgence may be associated with overprotective or it maybe
the dominant maternal trait.
Overindulgent parents give the child whatever he might want, as far
as financially possible, including toys, candy, and clothes and they
usually place very little restraint upon their child’s behaviour.
These children like those overprotective mother’s will expect to get
their own way in the dental office and they may show bursts of
temper when they cannot control the dental situation the way they
control situations at home.

Underaffection
This group includes a variety of parental behaviour that range from mild
lack of interest to overt rejection or physical abuse.
Children in their homes develop very poor self-images and may present
with a variety of behaviour (cry easily, shy, unable or unwilling to
cooperate.
The physically abused child is often stoic and non-responsive to painful
procedures.
The abused child might also be loud and aggressive, seeking the
attention that is missing at home.

Underaffection
Under affection may vary from mild detachments to indifference to neglect.
A mother becomes less emotionally supportive of her child due to her
outside interest or employment or simply because the child is unwanted.
Well behaved & outwardly appear to be well adjusted.
A dentist may find that they cry easily, are shy, & are unable or unwilling to
cooperate. These children will often respond to a SURROGATE such as
dentist or a dental assistant who will give them emotional support and
needed affection.

Rejection
Acceptance vs rejection is one of the most significant of family
influence.
Maternal rejection may occur due to
Unstable and unhappy marriage,
Birth was not anticipated
Child’s presence interferes with the mother’s career
Immature or emotionally unstable mother.
When the maternal rejection is overt, the child usually lacks a feeling
of belonging or worthiness.
Extreme anxiety & be aggressive, overactive, & disobedient
behaviour.

Rejection
This children are usually difficult dental patients who require
considerable behaviour modification by the dentist.
At its extreme, this attitude leads to the BATTERED CHILD SYNDROME
The abuse and neglect can be both emotional and physical both are
destructive to the normal development of children.
The dentist’s role must obviously go beyond that of the dental treatment
of the child and should include awareness of the problem of
maltreatment & a proper reporting mechanism to social or legal
authorities.

Authoritarianism
These dominating parents expect behaviour from their children that is
incompatible with their ages.
They may compare them with older siblings and demand the same behaviour.
They are not supportive of their anxieties but rather constantly utilize them.
These children will often be afraid of overtly resisting the dentist but will
commonly use delaying tactics in an attempt to avoid the dental procedures.

Authoritarianism
The authoritarian parent chooses technics for controlling child behaviour
that may be termed ‘ NON-LOVE ORIENTED”.
The authoritarian mother will insist that the child conform to her set of
norms and will expend much effort to train the child along those lines.
Authoritarian mother is usually herself the product of an authoritarian
upbringing.
Dawdling, evasive behaviour is characteristic of the child of an authoritarian
mother.

MOTHER’S BEHAVIOUR CHILD’S BEHAVIOUR
OVERPROTECTIVE DOMINANT SHY, SUBMISSIVE, ANXIOUS
OVERINDULGENT AGGRESSIVE, DEMANDING,
DISPLAY OF TEMPER TANTRUMS
UNDER AFFECTIONATE USUALLY WELL BEHAVED BUT
MAY BE UNABLE TO
COOPERATE, SHY, MAY CRY
EASILY
REJECTING AUTHORITARIAN AGGRESSIVE, OVERACTIVE,
DISOBEDIENT, EVASIVE AND
DAWDLING

Shoben and Borland sought the cause of the dental fears exhibited in
a group of patients selected from the private dental practice.
A correlation was established with both unfavorable family dental
experiences and unfavorable family attitudes towards dentistry.
Borland stated that “ the problem of dental fear is not specific to the
dental situation. Rather it is closely bound up with attitudinal
transmission of anxiety through the child’s interactions with significant
figures in his social environment.”
Shoben, E. J. and Borland, L. (1954), An empirical study of the etiology of dental fears. J. Clin. Psychol., 10: 171–174.

Johnson and Baldwin evaluated the behaviour of children whose first dental
visit was for an extraction & in second study they evaluated children’s
behaviour during dental visit for an examination & dental prophylaxis.
Taylor manifest anxiety scale (MAS) to determine mother’s anxiety level &
they correlated with child’s behaviour.
Mother complete questionnaire:
Child’s previous reaction to dental and medical procedures
How mother thought how child would behave for current visit
Mother’s impression for the child’s anxiety & her own anxiety
Answers were correlated with the child’s behaviour.
Relationship of maternal anxiety to the behavior of young children undergoing dental extraction. Johnson R, Baldwin DC Jr.
J Dent Res. 1968 Sep-Oct;47(5):801-5.

The results of the two studies were similar.
Whether the child was undergoing a “stressful” extraction visit
or a “less stressful” visit for an examination and prophylaxis ,
the investigator found that his behaviour in the dental situation
was directly related to his mothers level of anxiety.
Children whose mothers had high anxiety levels exhibited more
negative and uncooperative behaviour than did children whose
mothers had low anxiety levels.
Relationship of maternal anxiety to the behavior of young children undergoing dental extraction. Johnson R, Baldwin DC Jr.
J Dent Res. 1968 Sep-Oct;47(5):801-5.

Johnson and Machen wished to determine whether behaviour
modifications techniques could alter the relationship between
children’s actual dental behaviour and that predicted for them by the
anxiety levels of their mothers and by the their mothers answers to
the preoperative questionnaire used by Johnson and Baldwin.
Children 3-5 yrs. age with no previous dental experience were
selected for study.
The children were randomly assigned to either desensitization, a
model learning or a control group.
Behavior modification techniques and maternal anxiety. Johnson R, Machen JB. ASDC J Dent Child. 1973 Jul-Aug;40(4):272-6.

The desensitization group, received a 20minute therapy session
in which dental instruments with greater anxiety producing qualities
were successively introduced and described.
The children were invited to handle the instruments and become
familiar with the dental visit routine.
The model learning group viewed an 11minute videotape of a
child undergoing dental treatment .
 The model exhibited desirable behaviour throughout the tape
and was rewarded by the dentist with the verbal reinforcement.
The same dentist and assistant performed treatment procedures
on the tape and during the experimental treatment . The control
group received no pretreatment exposure but a :Tell Show Do”
approach was utilized during their visit.

The investigators found that the behaviour of the model
learning group was the significantly affected.
All of the children in this group demonstrated positive
behaviour regardless of the MAS or their mother’s answers to
the pre-operative questionnaire.
From the foregoing, it is evident that maternal anxieties greatly
influence a child’s behaviour in the dental office nevertheless it
is possible that through appropriate techniques the child’s
behaviour can be altered by the dentist.

Effect of mother’s presence in the
operatory
Many dentist prefer to exclude parents from the operatory .
This attitude was confirmed in a study by Roder and co-workers,
who sent questionnaire to 910 dentists to determine whether they
preferred to treat children with the parents present or absent.
70% of dentist responded that they preferred to treat children with
parents absent; only 4% preferred the parents present.

Effect of mother’s presence in
the operatory
Dentist prefer absence of parents in the operatory because,
Most children behave satisfactorily without a parent present.
If a child should exhibit unco-operative behaviour, the presence of
the parent will sometimes lend support to this type of behaviour and
it can also limit the range of behaviour control techniques of the
dentist.

Croxton found that, of 28 children referred to his private clinic
because of uncooperative behaviour at other dentists office,
most had treatment attempted by the other dentist while parent
present .
Croxton excluded parents from the operatory during all the
appointments & used appropriate management techniques to
gain co-operation.
He found that the final visit 93% of the children exhibited a
positive response.
Child behavior and the dental experience. Croxton WL.J Dent Child. 1967 Jul;34(4):212-8.

Frankl and coworkers tested the reaction of young children aged 42- 66
months, to the presence of the mother in the operatory .
The 112 children in the study group were divided into two groups . One
had mother present during initial visit involving an examination ,
prophylaxis, and a radiographic series and during second visit operative.
Mothers were instructed to be passive observer
42 to 49 months benefited age from the presence during treatment ;
children 55 to 66 months of age however did not exhibit significant
differences in behaviour according to the mother’s presence or absence.
Frankl S, Shiere F, Fogels H: Should the parent remain with the child in the dental operatory. ASDC J Dent Child 29:150- 63, 1962.

Conclusion
Mother child relationship during early childhood exerts a profound
influence on the development of the personality of the child and affects the
way the child will respond to the new or demanding situation.
The AUTONOMY vs CONTROL & HOSTILITY vs LOVE are two most
significant attitudinal poles of mother & child relationship between which
several gradations such as over protection, overindulgence, under
affection, rejection, authoritarianism falls.
Appropriate management technique instituted by the dentist can modify the
child’s reaction. For young children who still retain some of their innate fear
& are emotionally immature presence of mother in the operatory can have
salutary influence on behaviour during treatment.

REFERENCES:
Louis Ripa. Maternal influence on child’s behaviour in the dental situation. Management of dental
behaviour in children; vol 1 pg no-15 to 26.
Shoben, E. J. and Borland, L. (1954), An empirical study of the etiology of dental fears. J. Clin. Psychol.,
10: 171–174.
Relationship of maternal anxiety to the behavior of young children undergoing dental extraction. Johnson
R, Baldwin DC Jr. J Dent Res. 1968 Sep-Oct;47(5):801-5.
Frankl S, Shiere F, Fogels H: Should the parent remain with the child in the dental operatory. ASDC J Dent
Child 29:150- 63, 1962.
Child behavior and the dental experience. Croxton WL.J Dent Child. 1967 Jul;34(4):212-8.
JM Armfield,LJ Heaton. Management of fear and anxiety in the dental clinic: a review Australian Dental
Journal 2013; 58: 390–407
Porritt J, Buchanan H, Hall M, Gilchrist F, Marshman Z. Assessing children’s dental anxiety: a systematic
review of current measures. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2013; 41: 130–142.
CONSISTENCY OF MATERNAL AND CHILD BEHAVIORS IN THE BERKELEY GROWTH STUDY.
BAYLEY N. Vita Hum Int Z Lebensalterforsch. 1964;23:73-95.

Maternal influence on child's behaviour

Maternal influence on child's behaviour

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