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Toedieningsvormen bij kinderen

           Lidwien Hanff
Erasmus MC- Sophia Kinderziekenhuis
Is de toedieningsvorm belangrijk?


 - Patient met acute lymfatische
  leukemie, 4 jaar oud
 - All-10
 - supportive care
 - ciprofloxacin oraal




 - re-animatie
 - spoed opname op IC
Veel verschillen tussen verschillende leeftijden
Ideal drug formulation for children

  Minimal dosage frequency
  One dosage form for a wide age range
  Minimal impact of life-style
  Minimum, non-toxic excipients
  Convenient, easy, reliable administration
  Easily produced, stable
  Cost and commercial viability




From “Reflection paper formulations for paediatric populations”. www.emea.europe.eu.
Toedieningsvormen in relatie tot leeftijd




Schirm E. Acta Paed 2003
Beschikbaar als geregistreerde dranken

 Antibiotica: geen probleem


 Niet beschikbaar:
 Antiepileptica ( fenobarbital, fenytoine, lamotrigine, gabapentin)
 Diuretica (spironolacton, furosemide, hydrochloorthiazide)
 Ace-remmers, Beta blokkers, Calcium channel antagonisten
 Ursochol, Coffeine, Benzodiazepinen, Steroiden, Cytostatica
 Antivirale middelen (Valaciclovir, Valganciclovir)
 Immunosuppressiva (Tacrolimus)
 Overige: sildenafil, bosentan, sevelamer
Strategie (SIG kindergeneeskunde NVZA)

1. 1. Vergelijken kinderziekenhuizen

2. 2. Verkrijgbaar in buitenland als geregistreerd
      product ?
3. 3. Prioritering
4. 4. Farmaceutisch ontwikkeling (ism winap)
5. 5. Opname in Z-index
6. 6. Opname in kinderformularium
Farmaceutische ontwikkeling

1. Beoordeling fysisch-chemisch
   eigenschappen
2. Verkrijgbaarheid grondstof
3. Keuze concentratie
     niet te groot volume
     nauwkeurig af te meten
4. Keuze hulpstof
Hulpstoffen geassocieerd met bijwerkingen bij kinderen


 Benzylalcohol; toxiciteit in neonaten (respiratoir en metabool)


 Ethanol: chronische toxiciteit, gnm interacties, CNS system effects
  (convulsies)


 Propyleenglycol:
      Deel uitscheiding in nieren
      Deels in lever door alcoholdehydrogenase  lactaat/pyruvaat


      hyperosmolariteit, lactaat acidosis, convulsies, orgaanfalen
Co-trimoxazol infuusvloeistof

 Per ml:
 - Trimethoprim      16mg
 - Sulfamethoxazol   80mg
 - Propylenglycol    40%
 - Ethanol           12.2%
 ---
 ---
Propyleenglycol in Co-trimoxazol ®

 Dosis 2dd 18mg/kg;


 Dwz: Propyleenglycol 150mg/kg/dag


 Eis FDA: kinderen < 25mg/kg/dag
 Eis EMA: < 200mg/kg/dag
Vaste orale toedieningsvormen

 Let op; vulstof lactose ipv avicel
 - bioequivalentie
 - acceptatie
 - smaak
 - bijwerkingen
 - ontogenie
Tacrolimus


  30 pediatrische lever transplantatie
   patienten
  Tacrolimus magistrale suspensie vs
   Prograft capsule




                     Caps           Drank
Cmax (ng/ml)         37 (26.5) 14.7 (3.8)
Tmax (hr)            2,1            6
Bioavailability      25             12.9


   Reding R, Pediatric Transplant 2002
6 Mercaptopurine formulering

 6 Mercaptopurine
  Capsules vs drank


 20 ALL patienten
 - bloedspiegels
 - voorkeur
Weigering om mee doen

 33 patienten


 - niet wisselen van formulering
 - grotere kinderen geen drank
 - verkrijgbaarheid was al zo lastig..
 - aversie tegen drank
Enquete kinderformularium 2011

          “Voor welk geneesmiddel is geen adequate
          toedieningsvorm voor kinderen beschikbaar?”


 - ontbreken vloeibare vorm voor kleine kinderen
 - gewenste dosering niet te geven
 - smaakproblemen
Geneesmiddelen met slechte smaak

 Captopril                Midazolam
 Clindamycine             Omeprazol
 Dexamethason             Fenobarbital
 Furosemide               Prednisolon
 Ijzersulfaat             Ranitidine
 Metronidazol             Sulfamethoxazol/trimethoprim
Medicatieveiligheid en pediatrische toedieningsvormen

                             PARACETAMOL IV


                             - Infuusfles 1 gram (=100ml)


                             - Neonaat 10 mg/kg/keer


                             - voor neonaat 1kg


                             Afmeten 1 ml…..
Aandachtspunten

-   Goede toedieningsdevice




-   Duidelijk etiket




                 13.6 st nitrazepam dumex 5 mg tablet
                 3.560 G cellulosum microcryst pH102
                 40.000 st capsule kleurloos
Informatie naar patient / ouder




 www.medicinesforchildren.org.uk
Ontwikkelingen pediatrische toedieningsvormen




    Flexible solid oral dispersible tablets (FSOD)


    * evt orodispersible
    * oplosbaar in vloeistof en borstvoeding
Ontwikkelingen pediatrische toedieningsvormen


   Multiple-unit dosage forms (mini-tablets, granules, pellets, beads)


   - controlled release mogelijk
   - coating mogelijk
   - enige doseerflexibiliteit
Moet je een kind hetzelfde behandelen als een volwassene?




                                                     25
Nee !

 - kies een toedieningsvorm afgestemd op leeftijd
 - indien bereiding echt noodzakelijk is; maak gebruik van
  gestandaardiseerde, gevalideerde voorschriften
 - aandacht voor uitleg
Knmp congres 4okt-1530u-lidwien hanff

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Knmp congres 4okt-1530u-lidwien hanff

  • 1. Toedieningsvormen bij kinderen Lidwien Hanff Erasmus MC- Sophia Kinderziekenhuis
  • 2.
  • 3. Is de toedieningsvorm belangrijk?  - Patient met acute lymfatische leukemie, 4 jaar oud  - All-10  - supportive care  - ciprofloxacin oraal  - re-animatie  - spoed opname op IC
  • 4. Veel verschillen tussen verschillende leeftijden
  • 5. Ideal drug formulation for children  Minimal dosage frequency  One dosage form for a wide age range  Minimal impact of life-style  Minimum, non-toxic excipients  Convenient, easy, reliable administration  Easily produced, stable  Cost and commercial viability From “Reflection paper formulations for paediatric populations”. www.emea.europe.eu.
  • 6. Toedieningsvormen in relatie tot leeftijd Schirm E. Acta Paed 2003
  • 7. Beschikbaar als geregistreerde dranken  Antibiotica: geen probleem  Niet beschikbaar:  Antiepileptica ( fenobarbital, fenytoine, lamotrigine, gabapentin)  Diuretica (spironolacton, furosemide, hydrochloorthiazide)  Ace-remmers, Beta blokkers, Calcium channel antagonisten  Ursochol, Coffeine, Benzodiazepinen, Steroiden, Cytostatica  Antivirale middelen (Valaciclovir, Valganciclovir)  Immunosuppressiva (Tacrolimus)  Overige: sildenafil, bosentan, sevelamer
  • 8. Strategie (SIG kindergeneeskunde NVZA) 1. 1. Vergelijken kinderziekenhuizen 2. 2. Verkrijgbaar in buitenland als geregistreerd product ? 3. 3. Prioritering 4. 4. Farmaceutisch ontwikkeling (ism winap) 5. 5. Opname in Z-index 6. 6. Opname in kinderformularium
  • 9. Farmaceutische ontwikkeling 1. Beoordeling fysisch-chemisch eigenschappen 2. Verkrijgbaarheid grondstof 3. Keuze concentratie  niet te groot volume  nauwkeurig af te meten 4. Keuze hulpstof
  • 10. Hulpstoffen geassocieerd met bijwerkingen bij kinderen  Benzylalcohol; toxiciteit in neonaten (respiratoir en metabool)  Ethanol: chronische toxiciteit, gnm interacties, CNS system effects (convulsies)  Propyleenglycol:  Deel uitscheiding in nieren  Deels in lever door alcoholdehydrogenase  lactaat/pyruvaat  hyperosmolariteit, lactaat acidosis, convulsies, orgaanfalen
  • 11. Co-trimoxazol infuusvloeistof  Per ml:  - Trimethoprim 16mg  - Sulfamethoxazol 80mg  - Propylenglycol 40%  - Ethanol 12.2%  ---  ---
  • 12. Propyleenglycol in Co-trimoxazol ®  Dosis 2dd 18mg/kg;  Dwz: Propyleenglycol 150mg/kg/dag  Eis FDA: kinderen < 25mg/kg/dag  Eis EMA: < 200mg/kg/dag
  • 13. Vaste orale toedieningsvormen  Let op; vulstof lactose ipv avicel
  • 14.  - bioequivalentie  - acceptatie  - smaak  - bijwerkingen  - ontogenie
  • 15. Tacrolimus  30 pediatrische lever transplantatie patienten  Tacrolimus magistrale suspensie vs Prograft capsule Caps Drank Cmax (ng/ml) 37 (26.5) 14.7 (3.8) Tmax (hr) 2,1 6 Bioavailability 25 12.9 Reding R, Pediatric Transplant 2002
  • 16. 6 Mercaptopurine formulering  6 Mercaptopurine Capsules vs drank  20 ALL patienten  - bloedspiegels  - voorkeur
  • 17. Weigering om mee doen  33 patienten  - niet wisselen van formulering  - grotere kinderen geen drank  - verkrijgbaarheid was al zo lastig..  - aversie tegen drank
  • 18. Enquete kinderformularium 2011  “Voor welk geneesmiddel is geen adequate toedieningsvorm voor kinderen beschikbaar?”  - ontbreken vloeibare vorm voor kleine kinderen  - gewenste dosering niet te geven  - smaakproblemen
  • 19. Geneesmiddelen met slechte smaak  Captopril  Midazolam  Clindamycine  Omeprazol  Dexamethason  Fenobarbital  Furosemide  Prednisolon  Ijzersulfaat  Ranitidine  Metronidazol  Sulfamethoxazol/trimethoprim
  • 20. Medicatieveiligheid en pediatrische toedieningsvormen  PARACETAMOL IV  - Infuusfles 1 gram (=100ml)  - Neonaat 10 mg/kg/keer  - voor neonaat 1kg  Afmeten 1 ml…..
  • 21. Aandachtspunten - Goede toedieningsdevice - Duidelijk etiket 13.6 st nitrazepam dumex 5 mg tablet 3.560 G cellulosum microcryst pH102 40.000 st capsule kleurloos
  • 22. Informatie naar patient / ouder www.medicinesforchildren.org.uk
  • 23. Ontwikkelingen pediatrische toedieningsvormen  Flexible solid oral dispersible tablets (FSOD) * evt orodispersible * oplosbaar in vloeistof en borstvoeding
  • 24. Ontwikkelingen pediatrische toedieningsvormen Multiple-unit dosage forms (mini-tablets, granules, pellets, beads) - controlled release mogelijk - coating mogelijk - enige doseerflexibiliteit
  • 25. Moet je een kind hetzelfde behandelen als een volwassene? 25
  • 26. Nee !  - kies een toedieningsvorm afgestemd op leeftijd  - indien bereiding echt noodzakelijk is; maak gebruik van gestandaardiseerde, gevalideerde voorschriften  - aandacht voor uitleg