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1. Andy Hanson
Joe Will

2. The Unconscious

3. Unconscious
 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
 Unconscious
○ Contains all the thoughts and feelings we are unaware of
Free association
○ A patient says out loud whatever comes to mind
 Explores the unconscious

4. Ego, Superego, Id
 Ego
 “The mediator”
 Conscious part of personality
 Superego
 “The angel”
 Represents persons ideals and morals and sets
the standard for judgment.
 Id
 “The devil”
 Made up of our selfish, aggressive, and sexual
desires

5. Unconscious Mind

6. Psychosexual Stages
 Oral (0-18 mo)
 Pleasure center=mouth
 Biting, sucking, chewing
 Anal (18-36 mo)
 Pleasure center=bowel and bladder elimination
 Deals with desire for control
 Phallic (3-6 yrs)
 Pleasure center=genitals
 Incestuous, sexual feelings
 Latency (6 to puberty)
 Undeveloped sexual feelings
 Genital (Puberty on)
 Maturation of sexual interests

7. Freudian Defense Mechanisms
 7 defense mechanisms the ego uses to
reduce anxiety
 Reduces anxiety by altering reality and
removing anxiety-arousing thoughts.

8. 7 Freudian Defense
Mechanisms
 Repression
 Removing anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and
memories from consciousness
 Regression
 Resorting to childish behavior
 Reaction Formation
 Switching unacceptable behavior into their opposites
 Projection
 Seeing your faults in others
 Rationalization
 Making excuses
 Displacement
 Shift aggression to another target that is less threatening.

9. Neo-Freudian Theorists and
Ideas
 Accepted Freud’s basic ideas
 Did not believe sex and aggression are
the only important concepts
 Placed more of an emphasis on the
conscious mind
 3 major Neo-Freudians
 Alfred Adler
 Karen Horney
 Carl Jung

10. Assessing Unconscious
Processes
 Projective tests
 Aim to provide an insight into our thoughts and
feelings
 Vague images and asks patients to describe it or tell
a story about it
 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
 Used to asses unconscious thoughts
 Ambiguous pictures are shown and the patient must
create a story about them
 Rorschach Inkblot Test
 Most widely used projection test
 Set of 10 inkblots in which a patient must describe
what they see

11. Evaluating the Psychoanalytic
Perspective
 Many criticized Freud in the 20th century
 Claimed his theories were outdated
 Critics doubt gender identity and conscious
form as a child and end at age 6
 Some claim repression is a myth due to lack
of evidence and since it is not testable
 Modern evidence
 Terror-Management Theory: claims that faith
in ones worldview and self-esteem reduce
anxiety and fear of death

13. Maslow’s Self-Actualizing
Person
 Maslow proposed we are motivated by a
hierarchy of needs
 Humans seek self-actualization (fulfilling our
potential)
 Attempted to turn psychology’s attention
away from the unconscious and focus
more on the growth potential of healthy
people
 Believed humans to be basically good

14. Hierarchy of Needs

15. Rogers’ Person-Centered
Perspective
 According to Rogers, people nurture
growth by being open in feelings and
being accepted by others
 Unconditional Positive Regard
 An attitude of total acceptance towards
another
 Self-Concept
 All the thoughts and feelings we have in
response to the question: “Who am I?”

16. The Trait Perspective
 Trait researches attempt to describe
personality by placing people at points on
several trait dimensions simultaneously
 Attempt to isolate important dimensions by using
factor analysis
 Hans Eysenck proposed that there are 2 main
dimensions of traits that make up personality
 Extroversion & Introversion
 Stability & Instability
 Brain scans show extroverts and introverts
differ in levels of brain arousal
 Kagan believed heredity influences personality

18. The Big Five

19. The Big Five (cont)
 How stable are these traits?
 In adulthood, traits are quite stable and
consistant
 Vary in decades after college
 How heritable are they?
 Heritability varies with diversity of people
studied but usually heritable
 How well do they apply to various cultures?
 Apply reasonably well
 Do they predict other personal attributes?
 Yes, the Big Five traits are good indicators of of
other personal attributes.

20. Person Situation Controversy
 Some critics of trade-perspective say
while some traits persist over
time, behavior varies from situation to
situation
 Traits are not a good predictor of
behavior
 Supporters say that people’s average
behavior is usually pretty consistant

22. Reciprocal Influences
 Reciprocal Determinism
 How environment influences personality
 Three main points:
○ Different people choose different
environments based on personality
○ Personalities are shaped by how we react to
events
○ Personalities help create situations for us to
react to

23. Personal Control
 Feeling in control of your environment
 2 types:
 External Locus of Control
○ Learned helplessness
○ Often when people feel helpless or depressed
○ Outside forces control fate
 Internal Locus of Control
○ You control your fate

24. Self-Esteem
 How good or bad one feels about
his/herself
 High self-esteem tends to lead to less
pressure to conform, confidence, and
general happiness
 Low self-esteem often coexist with
feelings of unhappiness and personal
problems

25. Self-Serving Bias
 Thinking highly of oneself
 People accept more responsibility for
good deeds rather than bad ones
 Defensive Self-Esteem:
 Fragile and egotistic
 Secure Self-Esteem:
 Less fragile and does not depend on how
others see you