Adhesive resins,Dr Justin Ninan

Dr. Justin Ninan
Dept of Prosthodontics
Malabar Dental College

CONTENTS Introduction
 Definition
 Classification
 Resin cements – Applications
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
-Composition
-Characteristics
 Cementation procedure – metal restoration
- all ceramic
- ceramic veneer
- post

 Resin cements for provisional restoration
 Resin modified glass ionomer cements - characteristics
- advantages
- disadvantages
- composition
- cementation
 Properties of resin cement and RMGICs
 Summary
 References

INTRODUCTION
 Unfilled resins have been used for cementation since 1950s.
Because of their high polymerisation shrinkage and poor
biocompatibility these early products were unsuccessful,
although they had very low solubility.
 Resin cements with greatly improved properties were developed
later.
 Resin cements are composites composed of a resin matrix and a
filler of fine inorganic particles.

 They differ from restorative composites primarily in their lower filler
content and lower viscosity.
 Resin cements are virtually insoluble and are much stronger than
conventional cements.
 They are used for cementation ceramic crowns and fixed partial dentures
and attachment of orthodontic brackets or resin bonded crowns

DEFINITION (GPT)
RESIN
 A broad term used to describe natural or synthetic substances that form
plastic materials after polymerization . They are named according to their
chemical composition, physical structure, and means for activation of
polymerisation

DEFINITION (GPT)
ADHESIVE RESIN:
 Any resin material with incorporated adhesive chemicals such
as organophosphates, HEMA (hydroxyethyl methacry-late),
or 4-META (4 methacrylethyl trimellitic anhydride).
 In dentistry, it describes the luting agents used with resin
bonded prosthesis.

DEFINITION (GPT)
RESIN MODIFIED GLASS IONOMER / HYBRID IONOMER CEMENT
 A modified glass ionomer cement that incorporates polymerising monomer and
a cross linking agent, this type of cement has a longer working time and is less
sensitive to water contamination than conventional glass ionomer cements

Classification of cements (DCNA vol 51, no 3, july 2007)
According to chief
ingredients (CRAIG)
• Zinc phosphate,
• Zinc polyacrylate,
• Glass ionomer
• Resin
According to DONOVAN
• Conventional -
Zinc phosphate,
Polycaroxylate, Glass
ionomer
• CONTEMPORARY -
Resin
Resin modified glass
ionomers
According to matrix
bond type (O’BRIEN)
• PHOSPHATE,
• Phenolate,
• Polycarboxylate,
• Resin
• Resin modified glass
ionomer

Classification of resin cements (ISO
specification 4049)
According to
curing mode as
Class I
self cured
(chemically
cured)
Class II
Light cured
Class III
Dual cured(light
activated and
chemically activated)

Types of resin cement and their applications
LIGHT CURE
• Metal free restorations (<-
)1.5 mm thickness
• Non metal fixed
orthodontic appliances
• Non metal periodontal
splints
DUAL CURE
• Metal free inlays
• Metal free onlays
• Ceramic crowns
• Non metallic bridges
SELF CURE
• Metal based inlays and
onlays
• Ceramometal crowns and
bridges
• Metallic crowns and
bridges
• Metal based resin bonded
bridges
• Endodontic posts
Dental materials at a glance,J.A Von Fraunhofer,page 27

Advantages
 Superior compressive and tensile strengths (20–50 MPa)
 Insoluble
 Excellent adherence to tooth structure, micromechanical
bonding to prepared enamel, dentin,alloys and ceramic
surfaces
 Available in wide range of shades and translucencies
Conventional and Contemporary Luting Cements: An Overview, J Indian
Prosthodont Soc (Apr-June 2010) 10(2):79–88

Disadvantages
 Requires additional step in bonding procedure
 Difficulty in removing hardened excess resin cement
 Severe pulpal reactions when applied to cut vital dentin
 Marginal leakage due to polymerization shrinkage
 Use of eugenol-based provisional luting agents inhibits the
complete polymerization of the resin cement

Resin cement
Trade name Manufacturer
Calibra Dentsply
IntegraCem TM Premier dental
Nexus Kerr
Panavia F Kuraray America
Relyx TM Unicem 3M ESPE
Variolink II Ivoclar Vivadent
Basic guide to dental materials, Carmen
Scheller – Sheridan, page 16

Composition Organic matrix contains dimethacrylate monomers
 High molecular weight molecules such as Bis-GMA (bisphenol-A
glycidyl dimethacrylate), UDMA (urethane dimethacrylate) and
Bis-EMA (ethoxylated Bis-GMA) are combined with smaller
molecules usually derived from ethylene glycol dimethacrfylates
to achieve a high degree of conversion with relatively low
volumetric shrinkage
Craig's restorative dental materials-13th edition, Ronald.L.Sakaguchi,John M Powers,pge 342
Phillips science of dental materials, Kenneth J Annusavice,11th edition,page 486

 Filler contains silanated radiopaque glasses such as barium,
strontium, or zirconia along with silica particles
 Average filler size vary between 0.5 to 8.0 micronm
 Microfilled cements are also available with an average filler size
of 40nm
 Pigments and opacifiers also present
 Camphorquinone and a tertiary amine are initiator for the light
activated reaction
 Benzoyl peroxide ,the self cure activator present in the catalyst
paste
Craig's restorative dental materials-13th edition, Ronald.L.Sakaguchi,John M Powers,pge 342

Characteristics of resin cements
 Resins cements have become attractive as a luting agent
because of the development of direct filling resins with
improved properties
 The benefit of acid etching technique for attaching resins to
enamel, and the potential to bond to dentin conditioned with
organic and inorganic acids.
Craig's restorative dental materials-13th edition, Ronald.L.Sakaguchi,John M Powers,pge
341

 The monomeric component of the resin cements which is
same as that of restorative composites is irritating to the
pulp.
 Thus pulp protection with calcium hydroxide or glass
ionomer liner is important when remaining dentin
thickness is not sufficient (< 0.5mm) to prevent infiltration
of resins.
Craig's restorative dental materials-13th edition, Ronald.L.Sakaguchi,John M Powers,pge
341

Chemically activated resin cements
 supplied as two component systems
 consisting of either powder and liquid or two paste
systems.
 the two components are combined on a paper pad for 20-30
sec.
 removal of excess cement is difficult if it is delayed until the
cement has polymerized.
 it is best to remove the excess cement immediately after the
prosthesis is seated.

Light curable resin cements
 are single composition systems.
 They are indicated for cementation of thin ceramic
prosthesis, resin based prosthesis
 When the thickness is less than 1.5mm it allows adequate
transmission of light.
 The required time of exposure to the light for polymerization
of resin cement depends on the intensity of light
transmitted through the ceramic restoration

Dual cure resin cements
 are two component systems
 Chemical activation is very slow and provides extended working
time until the cement is exposed to curing light, at which point
the cement hardens rapidly.
 It then continues to gain strength over an extended period
because of chemically activated polymerization process.
 These dual cure cements should not be used with light
transmitting prosthesis thicker than 2.5mm; any thing thicker
than 2.5 mm should be bonded with chemically curable cements.

Cementation
 If resin cement hardens under a restoration that is improperly
seated, it is almost always necessary to destroy the restoration
in order to remove it.
 The tooth surface will usually have to be reprepared to remove
resin tags projecting into the etched enamel and dentinal
tubules.
 Therefore, the dentist should have a clear understanding of
the necessary steps and carry them out in an efficient manner.
Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics, 4th edition,Herbert T Shillingburg page 402

Cementing metal restorations with two autopolymerizing resin cements
 The first technique is for C&B Metabond (Parkell,
Farmingdale. NY)
 Keep the material and the mixing dish in the
refrigerator until time to use them.
 Air abrade the inside of the crown with 50
micronm aluminum oxide at 80 psi or more.
 Then rinse it, and dry with compressed air.

 Clean the tooth preparation with pumice,
wash, and dry it
 Etch enamel in the preparation for 30 seconds
with a plastic foam pellet saturated with
enamel etchant.
 A dabbing not a rubbing motion should be
used.
 Rinse and dry the tooth.
 Apply dentin activator to the dentin for 10
seconds, and then rinse and dry lightly.
 Dentin should not be desiccated.

 Place four drops of base into one of the three wells in the
chilled (16 to 22°C, or 61 to 72°F) ceramic mixing dish
 Add one drop of catalyst from the syringe.
 Recap each container immediately after its use to prevent
evaporation.
 The two liquids should not be mixed for more than 5 seconds.
 Paint both the tooth preparation and the inside of the
restoration with the mixture.

 Repeat the mixing of four drops of base to one drop of
catalyst in a second well of the mixing dish (4:1 base-
catalyst ratio)
 Use more for a larger casting or for multiple retainers on a
fixed partial denture, always maintaining the 4:1 base-
catalyst ratio.
 Again, stir the solution gently for not more than 5
seconds.

 Add two level scoops of powder for every unit of liquid.
 Stir gently for 5 to 10 seconds to produce a creamy mixture.
 Apply the cement to the restoration.
 If the restoration or the tooth are no longer wet, apply more
liquid to them from the first well before placing the mixed
cement into the restoration.

 Seat the restoration quickly, as the normal working time is
slightly less than 1 minute.
 To increase working time to more than 2.0 minutes, the
base and mixing dish, can be chilled further in the freezer
for 15 minutes.
 Although the material has a very short working time, it
takes at least 10 minutes to set and should be held during
that time.

 Wipe off excess while it is soft with a cotton pellet wetted
with a drop of base liquid.
 Cement should not be removed once it becomes rubbery,
because it will be torn out from under the margin of the
restoration, creating voids under the margin.
 Cement remaining after setting must be removed with a
scaler.

 The second technique is All-Bond C&B (Bisco,
Itasca, IL)
 Air abrade the inside of the crown, rinse it,
and dry with compressed air.
 Treat superficial dentin with a dentin
bonding agent, while deeper dentin may be
protected with a glass ionomer base.

 Apply 10% phosphoric acid gel (All-Etch, Bisco) to dentin and
enamel for 15 seconds with a brush
 Rinse off the acid thoroughly with a water spray. Then air dry
very briefly to remove excess moisture, without desiccating
the dentin.
 This particular bonding agent tolerates the presence of some
moisture. However, contamination by saliva is not acceptable.

 Mix primer A and B and brush five coats onto enamel and dentin
with a disposable brush.
 Do not dry between any of the five coats.
 After all 5 coats are applied dry all surfaces with an air syringe, for
5 seconds to remove any remaining solvent or water.
 The tooth surface should have a glossy appearance.
 Light cure for 20 seconds.

 Brush two coats of primer B on the inside of the crown and
dry with an air syringe.
 Mix the base and catalyst of an autopolymerizing resin
cement (All-Bond C&B) and quickly spread a thin layer on
the inside of the crown.
 Seat the restoration with gentle pressure and then wipe
excess resin from the margin with a cotton roll or cotton
pellets.

All ceramic cementation
 The crown should be clean, etched, and silaned.
 Remove any organic debris with ethanol or acetone, followed by
placing the restoration in an ultrasonic cleaner.
 Further cleaning can be accomplished by applying liquid
phosphoric acid etchant.
 If the crown was not silaned at the laboratory, it can be done with
Silane Coupling Agent (LD Caulk).

 Dispense one drop of Silane Primer and one drop of Silane
Activator into a dappen dish.
 Stir the liquid in the dish for 10 to 15 seconds with a brush
 Set the mixture aside for not less than 5 minutes nor more
than 10 minutes before application.
 Apply it to the internal surface of the crown, and gently air
dry.
 Repeat these steps once.

 Rinse the crown and dry it with compressed air.
 Clean the tooth preparation with a rubber cup and flour of
pumice. Then wash and dry it.
 Etch enamel on the preparation for 30 seconds with 37%
phosphoric acid on a pellet
 Dab, do not rub.
 Rinse for 20 seconds and air dry the tooth.

 Apply a thin layer of adhesive over the entire preparation with
a brush.
 Excess adhesive can be removed using a second clean brush
 Polymerize the adhesive for 20 seconds with a light
 Do not apply any primer or adhesive to the crown.
 Dispense equal amounts of base and catalyst from the syringe.
 Mix for 10 to 20 seconds with a flat-ended plastic mixing stick.

 Apply a thin layer of cement to the internal surfaces of the
crown
 Seat the crown and remove excess cement from the marginal
areas with an explorer and a clean brush.
 Leave a slight excess to avoid ditching the cement at the
margin.
 Aim the light cure at marginal areas from facial, lingual, and
occlusal directions for 40 seconds.
 When light activation is not utilized, allow 6 minutes for
autopolymerization

Cementation procedures for ceramic
veneers
These restorations rely on resin bonding for retention and strength.
Bonding is achieved by performing the following steps:
 Etching the fitting surface of the ceramic with hydrofluoric acid
 Applying a silane coupling agent to the ceramic
 Etching the enamel with phosphoric acid
 Applying a resin bonding agent to etched enamel and silane
 Seating the restoration with a composite resin luting agent
Contemporary fixed prosthodontics, 4th edition, Stephen F Rosensteil,Martin F Land, Junhei Fujimoto,

Contemporary fixed prosthodontics, 4th
edition, Stephen F Rosensteil,Martin F
Land, Junhei Fujimoto, page 921
Schematic of resin bonding technique.
A, Ceramic surface (etched and silanated). B, Unfilled resin.
C, Resin luting agent. D, Etched enamel.

Procedure
 Clean the teeth with pumice and water.
 Isolate the teeth with the rubber dam or displacement cord.
 Evaluate the restorations with glycerin or a try-in paste.
Verify fit, shade, and insertion sequence.
Contemporary fixed prosthodontics, 4th edition, Stephen F Rosensteil, Martin F Land,
Junhei Fujimoto, page 922

 Clean the restorations thoroughly in water with ultrasonic
agitation. Dry the restorations.
 Etch and silanate the restorations
 Acid etch the enamel; 37% phosphoric acid is generally used
and is applied for 20 seconds. Rinse thoroughly and dry.

 Apply a thin layer of bonding resin to the preparation.
 Brush, rather than air-thin, the bonding resin, because air-
thinning might inhibit polymerization. Do not polymerize
this layer, because it might interfere with complete seating.
 Place a Mylar matrix strip at the mesial and distal surfaces of
the prepared tooth.
 Apply resin luting agent to the restoration
 Position the restoration gently

 Remove the excess luting agent with an instrument.
 Hold the restoration in place while light-curing the resin.
 Do not press on the center of veneers; they may flex and
break.

 Do not undercure the resin cement.
 Allow at least 40 seconds for each area.
 Remove resin flash with a scalpel or sharp curette
 Finish accessible margins with fine diamonds, using water spray. Use
finishing strips for the interproximal margins.

Post cementation
 Resin cements used for luting prefabricated and cast metal dowels placed
in endodontically treated teeth because of its high tensile strength and
dentin bonding ability.
 Resin luting agent is the best choice for prefaricated dowel that is
incorporated into a resin core to take advantage of exposed dowel cement
bonding to core material
DCNA - Dental cements for definitive luting, July 2007, vol 51, no 3

 ParaCore dual cure
 Cement and Core in One Material
 Faster and easier post and core restoration
 Bonds to all fiber resin post materials,
especially ParaPost Fiber Lux/Taper Lux
 Chemically cures in 4 minutes
 Radiopaque

 The retentive effects of pre-fabricated posts by luting cements
 D. Sen, Poyrazoglu & Tuncelli
 Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 2004 :31 ; 585–589
The purpose of this study was to compare the retention of two
different pre-fabricated posts cemented to the root canal with
adhesive luting cements and a zinc phosphate cement

Conclusion
 Under the conditions of this study threaded pre-fabri-cated
post system, showed signifi-cantly higher retentive
strengths in comparison with non-threaded post system,
 resin based cements signi-ficantly increased the dowel
retention when compared with a conventional zinc
phosphate cement

 Conventional dual-cure versus self-adhesive resin cements in
dentin bond integrity
 Renata Andreza Talaveira, Margareth COUTINHO, Pedro Igor,
Larissa Alves, José Roberto
 Journal of Applied Oral Science 2010
Objectives –
this study quantified interfacial continuity produced with
conventional dual-cure and self-adhesive resin cements in the
cervical (C), medium (M) and apical (A) thirds of the root.

Post luting cements
 Group AC: AllCem conventional dual-cure resin cement
(AllCem, FGM - Dental Products Ltd, Joinville, SC, Brazil), and
 Group ARC: RelyXTM ARC conventional dual-cure resin
cement (RelyXTM ARC,3M ESPE, Sumaré, SP, Brazil).
 Group U100: RelyXTM U100 universal selfadhesive resin luting
cement (RelyXTM U100, 3M ESPE, Sumaré, SP, Brazil),
 Group MXC: Maxcem Elite dual self-adhesive resin luting
cement (Maxcem Elite, Kerr Corporation, Orange, CA, USA).

Conclusions:
 Allcem, Rely X ARC and U100 provide the best cementation; cementation
was similar among root portions;
 U100 is the best resin because it combines good cementation and easy
application and none of the cements provides complete interfacial
continuity.

 Comparative Evaluation of Push Out Bond Strength of a Fiber
Post System using Four Different Resin Cements: An In-Vitro
Study
 Anshuraj Kopal Ashok Kumar Das,Muddugangadhar,S
Amarnath, Ashu Garg, Ullash Kumar, T R Poonam Rao
 Journal of International Oral Health 2015; S(1):62-67
The purpose of this study was to assess push-out bond strength of
a fiber-reinforced post system using four different resin cements.
(a) Multilink Speed, (b) Rely X Unicem, (c) Calibra, and (d)
Permaflo DC

Conclusion:
 Mean push-out bond strength was highest for Rely X Unicem, followed by
Multilink Speed and Permaflo DC. Lowest mean push-out bond strength
was seen with respect to Calibra

Resins cements for Provisional
Restorations
 These provisional cements are two paste system, which can be
dual or light cured
 Useful for cementation of interim restorations in the esthetic
zone of the mouth, because they are tooth coloured and fairly
translucent
 Easy to clean and some release fluoride
 Also useful when the final cement also be resin because no
eugenol present to impair polymerization of the final cement
Craig's restorative dental materials, 13th edition, Ronald L Sakaguchi, John
Powers,page 344

Selecting a temporary cement, Dental materials, Santos, and Maria Jacinta Moraes
Coelho Santos,March 2012 20:03
Trade names Manufacturer
Systemp Ivoclar Vivadent
Temp-Bond Clear Kerr
ImProv Nobel Biocare
Premier Implant Cement Premier Dental Products
SensiTemp Resin Sultan Healthcare

RESIN MODIFIED GLASS IONOMER CEMENT/
HYBRID IONOMER
 In 1980s to improve toughness and resistance to
dissolution, water soluble polymers or polymerizable resins
were added to conventional glass ionomers to create new
category luting agent called RMGI
 RMGI is a dual cure hybrid, because setting occurs by
combination of long term, complex acid base reaction
typical of glass ionomer cement and chemical or light
initiated polymerisation of the added resin
DCNA july 2007 vol 51 no 3
Resin-modiÞed glass-ionomers John F. McCabeBiomaterials 19 (1998) 521Ð527

Advantages
 Compressive strength, tensile strength, are dramatically
improved in comparison to zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate,
and glass-ionomer cements but is less than resin composites
 Less sensitive to early moisture contamination and
desiccation during setting.
 Less soluble than the glass-ionomer cement
 Easy manipulation and use
 Adequately low film thickness

 Polymerization is not significantly affected by the eugenol-
containing provisional materials, as long as the provisional
cement is completely removed with thorough prophylaxis
 Minimal post-operative sensitivity.
 High bond strength to moist dentin (14 Mpa)

Disadvantages
 Difficult to remove the excess cement, if it sets completely.
 Although rare, may elicit an allergic response due to free monomer.
 Dehydration shrinkage due to the glass-ionomer component together with
the polymerization shrinkage creates stress fractures at exposed cement
tooth-restoration interface

 HEMA is responsible for increased water sorption, subsequent plasticity
and hygroscopic expansion. Initial water sorption may compensate for the
polymerization shrinkage stresses, but continual water sorption leads to
substantial dimensional change, contraindicating their use for the
cementation of all-ceramic crowns and posts in non-vital teeth as
expansion induced fracture occurs .

Composition
 Powder consists of ion leachable fluoroaluminosilicate glass
particles and initiators for light curing or chemical curing
 Liquid contains water and polyacrylic acid and modified with
methacrylate and hydroxyethyl methacrylate(HEMA)
monomers – are responsible for polymerization
Phillips science of dental materials,11th edition, Kenneth J Anusavice, page 482

 The initial setting reaction occurs of the material occurs by the
polymerization of methacrylate groups
 The slow acid base reaction responsible for unique maturing process and
final strength
Phillips science of dental materials,11th edition, Kenneth J Anusavice, page 482

Cementation With Resin Modified Glass
lonomer Cement
 Relyx luting plus cement (3MSPE) is
indicated for the permanent
cementation of all metal, metal
ceramic, and all ceramic (with
zirconia or alumina cores).

 Complete isolation and protection from moisture is essential
with this type of cement.
 Isolate the quadrant well with cotton rolls and a saliva ejector.
 If a dry field cannot be adequately maintained in this way,
place a rubber dam.
 The outside of the crown may be coated with petrolatum to
make the hardened cement easier to remove, but care must
be taken not to allow any lubricant to contaminate the
internal surface

 Clean the tooth preparation with wet flour of pumice on a rubber
cup .
 Rinse the pumice away and then dry the tooth preparation. It will
improve the retention.
 The smear layer should not be removed with acids as is sometimes
done prior to application of the more viscous glass ionomer filling
materials. This might have an effect on the pulp, and also shown to
produce little or no improvement in retention.
Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics, 4th edition,Herbert T Shillingburg page
401

 Dispense desired amount of cement onto a mixing pad and
mix with cement spatula for 20 seconds
 Apply thin layer to the inside of the restoration
 Seat the restoration with light finger pressure and hold for 2
minutes

 Remove the excess cement with scaler or explorer
 The cement should be left for the full setting time before the excess
cement is removed. This allows the cement at the marginal gap to
completely set.
 The set time is 5 minutes after placement

 In vitro study of fracture incidence and compressive fracture load
of all-ceramic crowns cemented with resin-modified glass ionomer
and other luting agents
 Chalermpol Leevailoj, Jeffrey A. Platt, Michael A. Cochran, and B.
Keith Moore
 J Prosthetic Dentistry,1998 Dec;80(6):699-707
Purpose
This study evaluated the fracture incidence of In-Ceram and
VitaDur Alpha porcelain jacket all ceramic crowns cemented with 5
luting agents (Fuji I, Fuji Plus, Vitremer, Advance, and Panavia 21)
during 2 months storage in 0.8% NaCl solution

Conclusions
For the cements studied, only crowns cemented with Advance cement
demonstrated fracture during 2-month storage.

 Resin-modified glass ionomer cement and self-cured resin
composite luted ceramic inlays. A 5-year clinical evaluation
 Jan W.V. van Dijken
 Dental Materials 19 (2003) 670–674
Objective
This study evaluated IPS Empress ceramic inlays luted with two
chemical-cured luting agents, a resin-modified glass ionomer
cement (Fuji Plus (F)) and a resin composite (RC) (Panavia 21
(P)).

Conclusion
IPS Empress inlays luted with the chemical-cured resin composite and the
resin-modified glass ionomer cement functioned satisfactory during the 5
years follow-up

 Retention of posts with resin, glass ionomer and hybrid cements
 D.G. Purton, R.M.L
 Journal of Dentistry 26 (1998) 599–602
Objectives:
To measure and compare the retention of serrated root canal
posts cemented with glass ionomer, resin and resin-modified
glass ionomer (hybrid) cements

Conclusion:
The performance of the resin-modified glass ionomer cements was
significantly below that of alternative cements in this study

Properties of Resin cements and
RMGIs Resin cement Hybrid ionomer
Setting time (min) 4.5 4.0
Film thickness
(microm)
10-25 15
Solubility (%) 0.13 0.2
Compressive strength
(Mpa)
400 110
Tensile strength (Mpa) 45 20
Elastic modulus (GPa) 3.5 5
Dental materials at a glance,J.A Von Fraunhofer,page 27

References
 Dental Council Of North America, vol 51, no 3, july 2007
 Dental materials at a glance,J.A Von Fraunhofer,page 27
 Glossary of Prosthodontics Term
 Dental materials clinical applicationsfor dental
assistantsand dental hygienists,Hatrick, Eakle, 2nd
edition,page 166
 Basic guide to dental materials, Carmen Scheller –
Sheridan, page 16
 Craig's restorative dental materials-13th edition,
Ronald.L.Sakaguchi,John M Powers,pge 342
 Phillips science of dental materials, Kenneth J
Annusavice,11th edition,page 486

 Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics, 4th edition,Herbert T
Shillingburg page 402
 Contemporary fixed prosthodontics, 4th edition, Stephen F
Rosensteil,Martin F Land, Junhei Fujimoto, page 921
 Resin-modiÞed glass-ionomers John F. McCabeBiomaterials 19
(1998) 521Ð527
 Basic guide to dental materials, Carmen Scheller – Sheridan,page
17
 Phillips science of dental materials,11th edition, Kenneth J
Anusavice, page 482
 Dental materials at a glance,J.A Von Fraunhofer,page 27

 The retentive effects of pre-fabricated posts by luting cements, D. Sen,
Poyrazoglu & Tuncelli,Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 2004 :31 ; 585–
589
 Conventional dual-cure versus self-adhesive resin cements in dentin
bond integrity, Renata Andreza Talaveira, Margareth COUTINHO,
Pedro Igor, Larissa Alves, José Roberto,Journal of Applied Oral
Science 2010
 Comparative Evaluation of Push Out Bond Strength of a Fiber Post
System using Four Different Resin Cements: An In-Vitro Study,
Anshuraj Kopal Ashok Kumar Das,Muddugangadhar,S Amarnath,
Ashu Garg, Ullash Kumar, T R Poonam Rao, Journal of International
Oral Health 2015; S(1):62-67

 In vitro study of fracture incidence and compressive fracture
load of all-ceramic crowns cemented with resin-modified glass
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