These topics contain over all related sub topics that can help in concept so these slides should read.

2. Presentation
Environmental Biology
Topic
Global Warming , Greenhouse Effect
and Acid Rain
𝑜𝑓

3. Presentation
Made By
Junaid Ahmed
BS Plant Sciences Quaid I Azam University
Islamabad

4. Contents
• Global Warming
Causes of Global Warming
Effects of Global Warming
Measures to Control Global Warming
• Greenhouse Effects
Natural Greenhouse Effect
Man Made Greenhouse Effect
Causes of Greenhouse Effect
Mechanism of Working of Greenhouse Effect
Effect of Greenhouse Gases
Overcome to Greenhouse Effect

5. • Acid Rain
Types/Forms of Acid Rain
Chemicals of Acid Rain
Effects of Acid Rain
Preventions
Problems
Contents

6. GLOBAL WARMING
• a gradual increase in the overall temperature
of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed
to the greenhouse effect caused by increased
levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other
pollutants.

8. CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING

9. DEFORESTATION
• Forests store enormous amounts of carbon,
essentially removing it from the air and
preventing it from being absorbed into the
atmosphere
• losing the natural air-scrubbing function of trees,
deforestation decreases biodiversity, which can
cause ripple effects throughout entire
ecosystems, putting whole species at risk.

11. Use of Aerosols
• some forms of aerosols have been banned in
many countries, other forms of them still are
in wide use. These products are loaded with
greenhouse gases, including CO2 and
methane, as well as chlorofluorocarbons,
which erode the ozone layer.

14. INDUSTRIALIZATION
INDUSTRIALIZATION

15. Travel &
Transportation
• The vast majority of
vehicles on the road are
powered via fossil fuels,
such as gasoline. As they
burn this fuel to power
their engines, these
vehicles release carbon and
other pollutants

16. Global Warming
Effects of Global Warming

17. • Human beings are not spread by these upheavals
climate change is affecting the global economy
• It is already shaking up social, health and
geopolitical balances in many parts of the world
• The scarcity of resources like food and energy
give rise to new conflicts
Effects on Humans

18. Effects on Humans
• Rising sea level and floods are causing
population migration.
• The estimated number of climate refugees by
2050 is 250 million people.

19. Effects on Weather
• For decades now ,Climatologists around the
world have been watching the effect of global
warming on the weather phenomena
• The impacts are huge like more droughts and
heatwaves ,more precipitations, more natural
disasters like floods , storms and wildfires,
frost-free season etc

20. Effects on Living Beings
• Global warming can severly affect the health of
living beings
• Excess heat can cause stress which may lead to
blood pressure and heart diseases
• Crop failure and famines , which are direct
consequence of heating up of earth can cause a
decline in human body resistance to viruses and
infection

21. Effects on Living Beings
• Global warming may also transfer various
diseases to other regions as people will shifts
from regions of higher temperature to regions
of comparatively lower temperature.
• Moreover , it is an established fact that
warmer temperatures lead to dehydration
which is a major cause of kidney stone

22. Effects on Oceans
• Because of global
warming permafrost
and ice are melting
massively at the poles ,
increasing the sea level
• The acidification the
oceans is also of great
concern

23. Measures To Control Global Warming

24. Measures
• Change A Light
• Replacing one regular light bulb with a
compact fluorescent bulb will save 150 pounds
of carbon dioxide a year
• Drive Less
• Walk , bike ,carpool or take mass tansit more
often . You will save one pound of carbon
dioxide for every mile if you don’t drive

26. Measures
• Recycle More
• You can save 2400 pounds of carbon dioxide
per year by recycling just half of your
household waste
• Use Less Hot Water
• It takes a lot of energy to heat water. Use less
hot water by taking shorter and cooler showers
and washing your clothes in cold or warm water
instead of hot water

27. Measures
• Avoid Products With A Lot of Packaging
• You can save 1200 pounds of carbon
dioxide if you reduce your garbage by 10
percent
• Plant A Tree
• A single tree will absorb one ton of carbon
dioxide over its life time

28. Measures
Turn Off Electronic Devices
• Simply turning off your television ,DVD
player , and computer when you are not
using them , will save you thousands of
pounds of carbon dioxide a year

29. What is Green house effect?
• The greenhouse effect is a natural process that
warms the Earth’s surface.

32. What is Greenhouse Effect?
The word greenhouse effect holds two meanings.
One is natural greenhouse effect.
One is man made greenhouse effect.

33. Natural Greenhouse effect

34. Man-made Effects

36. What Causes Green House Effects?
• One of main causes of global warming is the green
house effect .
• When the production of infrared energy in
atmosphere warms a planet’s surface it is known as
greenhouse effect.
• The natural causes of the greenhouse effect are the
releasing of gases like nitrous oxide .

37. How does the greenhouse effect work?

38. Green house gases
• Water vapour
• Carbon dioxide
• Methane
• Troposphere ozone
• Nitrous oxide

39. Water vapour
• Produced by the sun’s heat emissions.
• Make up a maximum of 4% of the air
• Causes about two- thirds of the greenhouse
effect.
• More temperature more water vapours

40. Carbon Dioxide
• Both man made and naturally produced.
• Responsible for about 25% of natural green
house effect on earth.

41. Methane
• Produced both by human sources and
naturally.
• Less quantities of methane in the atmosphere
than carbon dioxide.
• methane molecules are more capable of
absorbing thermal energy than co2 molecules

42. Ozone
• Exists naturally.
• Creates the layer protecting the earth from
sun’s high energy UV radiation rays.
• Acts as a green house gas in the troposphere.

43. Nitrous Oxide
• Produced naturally and by human source.
• Low density in atmosphere than carbon
dioxide.
• Molecule 300 times more effective as a
greenhouse gas than a co2 molecule.

44. What will happen on the surface of earth without
greenhouse effect ?

45. what will happen on surface of earth when green
house effect is too strong?

46. Effects Of Greenhouse Effect

47. Effects of Greenhouse Effect
Melting of polar ice and glaciers causing a rise
in sea level.
Ice is melting worldwide especially at the Earth’s
poles. This includes mountain glaciers, ice sheets
covering West Antarctica and Greenland and Arctic
sea ice.
Intense rain in some regions also is the cause of
greenhouse effect.

48. Melting of Glaciers

49. • Leads to greater climate changes like strong
winds & heavier rainfall.
Desert areas increase in size.
Runway Greenhouse Effect Spins 1988 feature on climate

55. How can we reduce the greenhouse Effect
• Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.
• Use Less Heat and Air Conditioning.
• Replace Your Light Bulbs.
• Drive Less and Drive Smart.
• Buy Energy-Efficient Products.
• Use Less Hot Water.
• Plant a Tree.
• Encourage Others to Conserve

56. ACID RAIN

57. What Is Rain
• Acid rain is a rain or any other form
of precipitation that is unusually acidic.
• Acid rain is one of the consequences of air
pollution.
• Emissions from factories, cars or heating boilers
contact with the water in the atmosphere.

58. How does acid rain form?
• Factories that burn fossil
fuels release sulfur
dioxide(SO2) and nitrous
oxides(NOx )
• Cars that burn fossil
fuels release nitrous
oxides. (NOx )

59. How does acid precipitation
form?
• Sulfur and nitrous oxides
combine with water in the
atmosphere to form sulfuric
acid and nitric acid
H2O + SO2H2SO4
H2O + N2OxHNO3
• These strong acids lower the
pH of rain more than H2CO3

60. What happens to the soil and
water around us?
Acidification of soils & water
• Acid rain can cause a drop in the pH of soil and
water - called acidification.

61. Types Of Acid Rain.
• Two types of acid rain
I. Wet Deposition
II. Dry Deposition

62. Wet Deposition
• Wet deposition of acids occurs when any form of
precipitation (rain, snow, and so on.) removes acids
from the atmosphere and delivers it to the Earth's
surface.
• This can result from the deposition of acids
produced in the raindrops or by the precipitation
removing the acids either in clouds or below
clouds.
• Wet removal of both gases and aerosols are both of
importance for wet deposition.

64. Dry Deposition
• If the wind blows the acidic chemicals in the air to
the areas where the weather is dry the acidic
pollutants slip into dust or smoke and fall the
ground as dry particles.
• These stick to the ground and other surfaces.

66. Causes of Acid Rain
1.Burning coal , oil and natural gas , in power
stations makes electricity , giving off sulpher
dioxide.
2.Burning petrol and oil in vehicle engines gives
off nitrogen oxides as gases.
3.These gases mix with water vapor and rainwater
in the atmosphere producing weak solutions of
sulphuric and nitric acid which fall as acid rain.

69. Causes of Acid Rain
4. Natural sources such as erupting volcanoes and
lightening produce sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
dioxide which cause to the formation of acid rain.
5. Wildfires are also contributing to the acid rain
to some extent.
6. Acid producing gases are also created by
biological process on land , wet land and oceans.

70. Causes of Acid Rain
7. The major biological source is dimethyle sulphide.
8. Bacterial decomposition also contribute to the acid
rain.
9.Human activities such as coal burning , extraction
of metals , industrial emission , electrical power
plants and nuclear power plants also contribute to the
acid formation and causing acid rain.

71. Causes of Acid Rain
10. Sulphur dioxide causes 70% of acid
rain.
11. Livestocks are responsible for 2/3 of all
sources of NH3 which causes acid rain.
12. Automobiles produce ½ of world
nitrogen oxides.

72. Causes of Acid Rain
1.13.Parts of the ice caps are melting
because of global warming and contain
dissolved acid gases , mainly from the
intense volcanic activity of the time they
were created.

73. Melting Ice Caps

74. CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
• Both sulphuric acid and nitric acid are soluble in water
and are the major acids present in the acid rain.
• As this forms and falls onto the earth’s surface, these
strong acids are also brought to the surface causing
harmful effects on the built and the natural environment.
• Sulphur dioxide reacts with water to form sulphurus acid.
𝑺𝑶 𝟐 + 𝑯 𝟐 𝑶 −−−→ 𝑯 𝟐 𝑺𝑶 𝟑

75. CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
𝟐𝑯 𝟐 𝑺𝑶 𝟑+ 𝑶 𝟐 −−−→ 𝟐𝑯 𝟐 𝑺𝑶 𝟒
• Substances in the upper atmosphere then catalyze
the reaction between sulphurus acid and oxygen
to form sulphuric acid.
• Similarly, nitrogen dioxide reacts with water to
form a mixture of nitric acid and nitrous acid.
2𝑵𝑶 𝟐+ 𝑯 𝟐 𝑶 −−−→ 𝑯𝑵𝑶 𝟑 + 𝑯𝑵𝑶 𝟐

76. CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
𝑯𝑵𝑶 𝟐 + 𝑶 𝟐 −−−→ 𝟐𝑯𝑵𝑶 𝟑
• Substances in the atmosphere then catalyze the
reaction between nitrous acid and oxygen causing
the formtion of more nitric acid.

77. Effects of Acid Rain
Effects on aquatic life
• Continual acid rain decrease the Ph level and increase
the Aluminium level.
• Such factors cause chronic stress that kill fish or may
lead to:
.
I. Lower body weight
II. Smaller size
III. Less able to compete for food
IV.Less able to compete for habitat

79. • It disturbs fish ability to maintain calcium
level.
• Eggs of fish become weak and brittle.
• Actual threat is from long term increase which
stops the fish from reproducing.

80. EFFECTS ON MATERIALS:-
• Destroy the historical monuments made up of
limestone and marble.
• Increase oxidation of copper and bronze.
• Accelerates weathering in metals and stone structures.
E.g:- Parthenon in Athens, Greece, Taj Mahal in
Agra , India.

82. EFFECTS ON ECOSYSTEM:-
• Biological organisms and environment in which they
are live are called as the ecosystem.
• At PH 5, most fish eggs cannot hatch.
• At lower PH levels , some adult fish and organisms
die.
• Some acid lakes have no aquatic life.

83. What does acid rain damage in these ecosystems
look like?

84. EFFECTS ON ECOSYSTEM:-
• A spring shower in the forest washes leaves and
falls through the trees to the forest floor below.
• This the major cause of forest death.

86. EFFECTS ON HUMAN BEINGS:-
• Not direct effect on human.
• It causes skin infection:
• It causes asthma.
• Brain damage , kidney problems , and Alzheimer’s
disease has been linked to people eating toxic
animals and plants.
a) Irritation to face.
b)Skin allergy.

87. • Respiratory problems such as dry cough,headaches
and throat irritations are due to acid rain effects.
• Leaching of toxins from soil by acid rain can be
absorbed by plants and animals when consumed,
these toxins effect humans severely.
• Research carried in north America in 1982,revealed
that sulphur pollution killed 51,000 people and
about 200,000 people become ill as a result of
pollution.

89. • In Europe about 20% trees and in Germany about
60% trees have been damaged by acid rain.
• In some places acid rain had a PH level of 2.3,
which was very acidic and destructive.

90. EFFECTS ON PLANTS:-
• Dissolves the toxic substances.
• Aluminium get absorbed by roots.
• It corrodes waxy protective coatings of leaves.
• Making plants susceptible to disease.
• Causes slower growth , injury or death of forest.

91. TREES:-
• The needles and leaves of the trees turn brown and
fall off. Trees can also suffer from stunted growth;
and have damaged bark and leaves, which makes
them vulnerable to weather, disease, and insects
.All of this happens partly because of direct contact
between trees and acid rain, but it also happens
when trees absorb soil that has come into contact
with acid rain. The soil poisons the tree with toxic
substances that rain has deposited in it.

93. HARMFUL TO VEGETATION:-
• Increased acidity in soil.
• Leeches nutrients from soil, slowing plant growth.
• Leeches toxins from soil, poisoning plants.
• Creates brown spots in leaves of trees , impeding
photosynthesis.
• Allows organisms to infect through broken leaves.

94. EFFECTED AREAS:-
CANADA:-
• Acid rain is a problem in Canada.
• Water and soil systems lack natural
alkalinity such as lime base.
• Cannot neutralize acid.
• Canada consists of susceptible hard rock
such as granite.
• Do not have the capacity to effectively
neutralize acid rain.

95. • Harold Harvey of Canada was among the first to research
a dead lake in USA public awareness of the problem was
heightened in 1990 after the New York times.

96. OTHER COUNTRIES
• China, Eastern Europe and Russia are the areas,
most affected by acid rain.
• The forests of upstate New York and New England.
• This shows that the effect of acid rain can spread
over large areas , far from the source of the
pollution.
• PH readings in rain and fog is below 2.4 have been
reported in industrial areas it is a problem in Russia
and China.

98. • Acid rain was first observed by Robert Angus Smith in
Manchester England.
• In 1991, NAPAP provided its first assessment of acid
rain in the US.
• In 2007,In USA total SO2 emissions were 8.9 million
tons , achieving the programs long term goal ahead of
the 2010 statutory deadlines.

99. • In 1994,Canada and the provinces began working with
stakeholders to develop new national acid rain
strategy since the 20kg/ha/ye deposition target.
• These negotiations resulted in a series of international
agreements over the years that followed, beginning
with the 1979 UNECE.

100. PREVENTIONS AND SOLUTIONS:-
• Decide which fossil fuels burn more clearly.
• Research new less-pollutant methods.
• Clean up smoke stacks and exhaust pipes.
• Almost all the electricity that power modern life
comes from fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas and
oil.
• Coal accounts for most SO2 emission and a large
portion of nitrogen oxides emissions.

101. Reduction of sulpher:-
• Using coal with less sulphur.
• Washing the coal.
• Burning natural gas creates less
SO2.
• Use alternative energy sources
such as nuclear power , wind
power , solar energy , geothermal
energy and hydropower.

103. • Fit scrubbers into factories chimneys , which are
chemical filters that remove impurities such as sulphur
from smoke.
• Remove oxides of sulphur and nitrogen before releasing
flue gas desulphurization.
• Fit catalytic converters to vehicle exhaust which remove
the nitrogen oxides and dangerous chemicals.

104. RESTORE A DAMAGED
ENVIRONMENT:-
• Acid deposition penetrates deeply into the fabric of an
ecosystem changing the chemistry of soil and stream.
• It takes many years for ecosystem to recover from acid
deposition , even emissions are reduced.
• Limestone or lime can be added to acidic lakes to cancel
out the acidity.
• The process called liming has been extensively used in
Norway and Sweden.

105. TAKE ACTION AS INDIVIDUALS:-
• Individuals can contribute in this case:-
• Buy vehicles with low nitrogen oxides emissions.
• Keep your thermostat at 68 degree F in winter and
72 degree F in summer.
• Install pollution control equipment.

106. PLANT A TREE:-
• There are finally something we don’t seems
to have enough of.
• The tree will absorb some of the polluted air
and put out clear, fresh oxygen.

107. • Promote awareness of the issue .Government should also
take actions in this regard.
• Now I have explained about causes of acid rain to you,
you must aware other peoples who don’t know about this
problem.

108. THE PROBLEM!
• Acid rain can travel long distances.
• Often it doesn’t fall where the gas is produced.
High chimneys disperse(spread) the gases and
winds blow them great distances before they
dissolve and fall to earth as rain.
• E.g; Gases produced in England and Western
Europe can result in acid rain in Scotland and
Scandinavia.

109. • People probably couldn’t live without
electricity!
• Therefore Coal will continue to be burnt.
Also , electricity and energy are constantly
being overused.