SILVESTRES TRABAJO PANTHERA

1. GRUPO 6
Captive
management of
Panthera onca
Alessandra Calderón, Mariano Cisneros,
Carlos Chávez, Samantha Teves y Valeria
Agüero

2. Center Name Zoo Wild World
Typo of breeding center Zoo Type A
Management instrument PMFS
Profesional (Prepared and subscribed) Wildlife regent
General Information

3. General objective Generate educational, cultural, recreational and exhibition activities on biodiversity,
conservation and management of wildlife for educational, reproduction, conservation and
research purposes.
Specific objective - Use the facilities to provide information about the species. Also, provide
opportunities for professionals and students.
- Maintain the species and improve its conservation status.
Goals Be an accredited member of the Latin American Association of Zoological Parks and
Aquariums (ALPZA), World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) and Species 360.
Objectives & Goals

4. Political and geographic location Lima, Chosica
Accessibility Large and noise-free area
Easy access
❏ Private transport: Motorway
Ramiro Prialé, Central road
❏ Public transport
❏ Buses
Zoo Location
● Longitud: O76°42'33.98"
● Latitud: S11°56'35.02"

5. Reino Animalia
Phylum Cordados
Class Mammalia
Order Carnivora
suborder Feliformia
family Felidae
subfamily Pantherinae
Genus Panthera
Species P. onca
UICN/ MINAGRI ALMOST THREATENED
Technical and Scientific Information on the Species to be managed

6. Geographical distribution Inhabits from Arizona and New Mexico, in the southern United States, to
Argentina.
Amazon Basin of Brazil and extends from the northeast coastline southward into the Cerrado, Pantanal
and Chaco in Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay.
Biological characteristics
Their favorite prey are the painted
rabbit, deer, wild pigs, turtles, lizards.
FEEDING
Hunters
BEHAVIOR Active during the day and
night
Good Climbers and
Swimmers
PERÚ: It is found throughout the lowland and pre-mountain jungle up to an altitude of 2000 metres, in the departments of
Loreto, Ucayali, Madre de Dios, Puno, Cusco (Lower Urubamba), San Martín, Junín and Pasco. In the latter, the presence of
jaguars has been recorded by camera traps in the Yanachaga National Park.
Technical and Scientific Information on the Species to be managed

7. Reproduction
Gestation Period
Females 1 – 2.5 years of age
Males 3 –4 years of age
● Gestation around 100 days
● Generally, one or two pups are born.
Social behaviour
Predation
Jaguars are solitary animals, with individual home ranges.
Attack technique: Deep throat bite (choking) and piercing the back of the skull.
The jaguar then usually drags the prey into a thicket or secluded spot,
pulling out the digestive tract 2 - 3 m away. It eats first the ventral surface of
the prey: neck, chest, heart and lungs, and then the shoulders.
Life expectancy 10-12 years
Sexual Maturity

8. Description of installation

9. Minimum requirements for installations as per “Lineamientos para la elaboración de planes de manejo
de fauna silvestre aplicables para zoológicos” de SERFOR Y MINAGRI.
Recommended dimensions according to current regulations

10. Recommended dimensions according to current
regulations
Enclosure Scientific
name
Common
name
N°
of specimens
L (m) A (m) Área(m2)
1 Panthera
onca
Otorongo
Jaguar
2 22.5
m
52.5 m 150 m2
Exhibition area
Enclosure construction materials:
❖ Cement
❖ Natural trees
❖ Cement and stone water pool
❖ Green areas of grass and dirt
areas
❖ Natural and artificial stones
For the perimeter
❖ 4 m high walls
❖ Wire mesh
❖ Tempered glass
SUBSTRATE: The substrate of their environment is natural with
vegetation cover, logs, mud and soil. Any environment design should
consider these aspects.
DESIGN PARAMETERS: This species is a good climber, stalking prey
from trees and shrubs and basking from a rock or log.

11. Site Plan
➔ TEMPERATURE: Thermometers are
used to determine if the otorongo
enclosures offer these temperature
ranges.
➔ HUMIDITY: . Relative humidity has
been found to range from 75 - 80%.
➔ LIGHTING: This species requires a
minimum of 12 h of natural lighting
depending on natural habitat
conditions. Light bulbs should be
installed inside the roosts/shelters.
Complementary areas:
● Storage and/or food preparation area → We
will have a nutrition and food area that is far
from the exhibition area.
● Topical and/or hospital → Located in a
separate area and separate areas for
examination and treatment, surgery, radiology,
laboratory, storage of medicines
● Quarantine area → Building separated from
other structures within the zoo to observe that
it is free to communicable diseases.
● Necropsy area → We will have a necropsy
room to inspect the animal internally and
externally when required, in case we want to
know what's the cause of death.

12. Drinkers, feeders, enrichment and others→
A small lagoon available, cement-based
feeders that are only found in the internal
part of the enclosure and enrichments with
cardboard boxes, scratchers, essences,
among others.
Security→ For the exhibition environment, 15mm thick
tempered glass with a height of 2.5 meters will be used.
Guillotine doors measuring 1 m2 will be used for handling.
Biosecurity→ The cleaning of
the exhibition and roost
environment must be done with
gloves, correct cleaning of the
lagoon and feeder.
Dimensions of the area→ The size of the outdoor
display must not be less than 91.4 m2 with an
increase of 50% of additional square area for each
individual. Indoor exhibit area should not be less
than 20' by 15' with 50% additional square footage
for each added individual. Height for indoor displays
must be at least 2.4m.
Fotografía: Sonia R.

13. Ingredients Feeding system
Composition
Portion and
frequency
❏ Commercial meat
mixtures
❏ Whole prey
❏ Bones
❏ Carcasses
Meat: Horse, beef, pork; have
demonstrated high digestibility
in felines
According to AZA:
- 1,8 KG of prey per
day in males
- 1.6 kg of prey per day
in females
Feeding them together is not
recommended.
Individual Feeding: Recommended
- Greater control of food
consumption.
- Avoids risk of injury
from defending prey
They are fasted for 24
hours per week as part of
the feeding programme,
simulating free-living.
Worldwide, the dietary management
of wild felines has been determined
by extrapolating from the domestic
cat model
Nutritional requirements in cats:
https://www.um.es/documents/14554/744854
/Guias-Nutricionales-FEDIAF-es-2017.pdf/410
142b0-9ad7-4752-a0a7-3b102b1dc3c0
Management Activities-Feeding

14. TYPE OF FOOD M T W T F S S
Horsemeat (2000 gr) X X X X X Fasted for 24 X
Chicken Meat ( 800 gr) X X X X X Fasted for 24 X
Any pray (400 gr)
X
Fasted for 24
Bone without meat X Fasted for 24
Chicken offal (300 gr) X X X X X Fasted for 24 X
Management Activities-Feeding
Fuente: Zoo Huachipa

16. Common diseases of dietary origin
Common dietary diseases in jaguars
- A lot of soft diet (dental diseases)
- Kidney diseases (diet-associated kidney
failure)
- Gastrointestinal diseases
- Hepatic lipidosis
Microchip Technology
- Recognition
- Theft of an animal can be avoided
- Avoid accidents
- Recapture/relocate

17. Days Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
Enrichment Alimentary Toys Sensory
Objective Promote feeding and
hunting behaviors.
Promote stalking,
hunting and shooting
behaviors.
Promote behaviors of
exploration and use
of the senses.
Materials Gunny sacks, ropes,
diet of the day,
frozen blood and
bones.
Barrel, ball, ropes,
scrapers, cardboard
boxes, wool, jute bags,
tires.
Essences, animal
blood, feces of other
prey mammals,
barrel, jute bags.
Enrichment Program
The program must present varied enrichments to avoid stereotypes; in the following week the same type of enrichment can be applied but with
other materials and the days would be applied: Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday.
Fuente: Zoo Huachipa

18. Enrichment Program
Habitat Sensory
Cognitive Toys
Changing the environment
creates a novel experience for
animals. Adding trees, vines,
and perching areas or using
different substrates, such as
sand, mulch, or grass can
entice animals to navigate
their habitats in new ways.
Keepers can also provide
options for dens and different
types of bedding.
Helping animals exercise their
minds is as important as giving
them space to run, jump and
climb. Training sessions and
research projects are two
types of cognitive
enrichment that allow
animals to problem-solve,
learn and try new activities.
Past research has included
studies on orangutan memory,
how lizards see color, and how
giant pandas forage. Training
often lets animals participate in
their own medical care, like
learning to step onto a scale.
Scents and sounds encourage
animals explore their habitats.
Natural predator or prey
scents and new smells, such
as spices or diluted perfumes,
can be sprinkled on the ground
or sprayed on a log for an
animal to investigate. Playing
recorded sounds, like insect
activity and bird calls, can
simulate the sounds of a
habitat in the wild.
Toys can include burlap bags,
sheets, boomer balls, kongs,
chew toys, hammocks and
more. Often, toys and food are
combined to create new,
enriching activities for
animals.

19. The application of an environmental
enrichment can decrease up to 60%
the presentation of stereotypies
It was shown that within the EE types,
food enrichment was the most
interacted with by zoo jaguars (with no
significant difference).
Evaluation of enrichment

20. Panthera onca is currently a near threatened species and continues to decline
according to the IUCN Red List.
Causes:
- Habitat loss and fragmentation
- Illegal commerce
- Poaching
Objective: to know the importance of the jaguar within an ecosystem and
recognize the different threats that surround it
Activities: implementation of informative signs, interactive brochures, special
guides on festive dates such as the international day of the jaguar
Goal: Make children and adults aware of the importance of animals in a wild
environment and the reason why we must protect them
Celebration of the International Jaguar Day: November 29
Programs of Education
Mandatory Programs for a Type A Zoo:
● Environmental education program (required)
● Investigation programme (required)
● Conservation program (required)
Programs for a Type A Zoo:
● animal training program (optional)
● Others
● Emergency protocol
● Environmental impact prevention and mitigation measures.
● Schedule of activities and budget
● Financing
● Records

21. Research Programs
Maternal behaviour Feeding programs
In situ
Studying animal maternal
behavior and sensory
perception can help zoos take
better care of wild animals and
provide better enrichment for
them, while also providing
insights that may aid wild
animal conservation.
Conducted out in the wild. This
type of research can directly
study the threats facing wild
animal populations.
Allows scientists to monitor
and evaluate animal behavior,
population dynamics, and
ecosystem processes.
- Benefit: Studying wild
animals in their
habitats.
Studying animal diets to
improve their own capability of
nutrition in order to establish
an standard diet for each one
of them and control of the
amount of food that is
recommended, otherwise we
waste supplies.
- Benefit: Contribute
with animal health

22. ● Firearms
● Trained and authorised personnel for their
use
● Tranquiliser rifle, blowguns and complete
drug application kit and personnel trained
in their use.
Emergency protocol
Materials and requirements
● Capture team
● Shooting team:
● First aid equipment
● Evacuation equipment
● Communications team
Emergency or leakage working
equipment:

23. SECOND PART

24. Common diseases
Diseases
Causal
Agent
Factores Signos
Diagnóstico
s
Tratamiento Prevención
Feline Leukemia FELV
“Retrovirus”
immunosuppressi
on
Geographic
location
Fever, lethargy, loss of appetite and weight, pale
mucous membranes, respiratory, skin and intestinal
signs.
The signs will be cyclical and persistent.
neurological disorders, eye problems,
gingivostomatitis, dermatoses, increased
node size, enteritis or vasculitis.
SNAP Feline Triple ®
Básico:
Hemograma y
bioquímica
No treatment
Only signs are treated to
stabilize the patient.
Continuous monitoring of
the patient.
Isolated from other
negative felines.
Vaccination
Quarantine
good handling
Know the geographical distribution
of the disease.
Reduce stress situations.
Prohibit and control the entry of
animals into the zoo.
Feline infectious
peritonitis (FIP) CoVF
immunosuppressi
on
Geographic
location
stres
Very diverse clinical manifestations
Loss of appetite and weight loss, ascites with
involvement of abdominal organs, and dyspnea in
the case of pleural effusion
inflammatory lesions in the eyes or in the nervous
system,
ImmunoComb Feline
Coronavirus (FCoV)
[FIP] Antibody Test
Kit ®
Signología y biopsia
del tejido afectado.
Básico:
Hemograma y
bioquímica
No treatment and poor
prognosis.
Mitigate symptoms
Possible use of antivirals
Vaccination
Avoid stress factors
Quarantine
Prohibit and control the entry of
animals into the zoo.
Mycoplasmosis Mycoplasma
haemofelis.
Ambient
pests
Pale mucous membranes, jaundice,
tachypnea,
tachycardia, dehydration,
lymphadenomegaly, dyspnea, anorexia,
depression, weakness, distended abdomen,
fever, hyperthermia, blindness,
hyperesthesia and alopecia, digestive signs
such as diarrhea and vomiting.
Frotis sanguíneo
SNAP
Henmoparásitos
Básico:
Hemograma y
bioquímica
Antibiotherapy:
Tetracyclines
Flea and tick control
pest control
Prohibit and control the entry of
animals into the zoo.
Panleukopenia
or feline
distemper
Feline
panleukopen
ia virus
No vaccination Diarrhea apathy, generalized depression, loss
of appetite, high fever, drowsiness, vomiting,
severe diarrhea, dehydration
complete blood
count
Biochemistry
Snap
The signs are treated,
there is no treatment
to eliminate the viral
agent as such.
Vaccination

25. Disease
s
Causal
Agent
Factores Signos Diagnósticos Tratamiento Prevención
Renal
disease
Source:
food
Infectious
Neoplastic
High protein diet Weak and tired, he
stops eating and
suffers from severe
pain in his abdomen.
vomiting and diarrhea
complete blood count
Biochemistry
Assessment of Urea
and Creatinine in blood
fluid therapy
diuretics
Change and control of
food, low protein diet
Sign-focused treatment
feeding control
Records
Sarna Sarcoptes spp Use of live prey with ectoparasites
immunosuppression
Pruritus, alopecia,
intense itching, peeling
of the skin and the
appearance of wounds
caused by scratching
clinical diagnosis
Scraping, Tape Test,
Microscopic Evaluation
External antiparasitic.
Ivermectin 1%
Selamectin 6&
Deworming
Sanitary control and
inspection of live prey
offered
Prohibit and control the
entry of animals into the
zoo.
Toxoplasmos
is
Toxoplasma
gondii
Ingestion of meats and tissues
infected with bradyzoite cysts.
Ingestion of food or water
contaminated with sporulated
oocysts from the feces of an
infected cat
Lethargy, loss of
appetite, vomiting,
anorexia and
generalized weakness,
dehydration
ELISE
PCR
Definitive diagnosis:
Biopsy
Clindamycin used at
doses of
20-25mg/kg/day
sulfa
deworming
Comply with the
deworming schedule
Prohibit and control the
entry of animals into the
zoo.
Feline
Panleukopeni
a (PF) or
Parvovirus
Feline
parvovirus
Unvaccinated animals
Contact with sick animals
Entry of infected cats
Person in contact with sick domestic
cats
Depression (mild to
severe), Vomiting,
Diarrhoea, Anorexia,
Mild fever, Abdominal
pain, Dehydration
Blood count:
Leukopenia
Biochemistry
signs are treated Vaccination
Quarantine
Prohibit and control the
entry of animals into the
zoo.
Common diseases

26. Vaccination & Antiparasitic Program
Vaccinations needed for Panthera onca:
● Feline Panleukopenia Virus(FPV) →1ml
● Feline Herpes Virus (FHV) → 1ml
● Feline Calicivirus (FCV) → 1ml
● Rabies: Vaccine not licensed for non-domestic
felines but can be used to protect valuable
animals and public health →1ml esta es
porque es zoo
When you get vaccinated?
● In case of neonates: 12 weeks old followed by
a second injection 4 weeks later
● Adults who were never vaccinated as
youngsters should be vaccinated twice three
to four weeks apart.
● Thereafter a booster vaccination every 2-3
years should be adequate
Vaccines should be used in conjunction with other
preventive measures, including limiting the contact
that jaguars under human, feral carnivores, good
standards of hygiene and proper maintenance of the
nutrition and general health of the jaguars to ensure
that the immune system remains strong.
Antiparasitic Program
In non-domestic felines the main parasites are
related to gastrointestinal parasites
● When a coprological examination is done
When there are suspicions that the animal is
sick and when it shows characteristic signs
such as diarrhea
● Deworming criteria
Based on the results of the coprological
analysis and established deworming dates
● Deworming intervals
Every 6 or 12 months
● Deworming products
Ivermectina
Praziquantel
Fenbendazole
Levamisole
● Prevention → Cleanliness of cages/enclosures
Daily cleaning of the cement floor (chlorine
and creolin), there is no change of the soil

27. Quarantine Protocol
During quarantine period specific tests must be conducted:
- Complete physical examination:
- Dental examination
- Ectoparasites
- Blood collected and tested (analyzed and the sera
banked in either a - 70°C freezer
- Fecal samples collected and analyzed
- Vaccination update as appropriate
- During the quarantine period
- Three fecal samples for internal parasite evaluation
should be submitted
Usually in the time period between 30–90 days of quarantine
Anthelmintics that have been effective and safe in jaguars include:
- Carbaryl (0.5%)
- Fenbendazole
- Ivermectin
- Praziquantel
- Pyrantel pamoate
- Pyrethrins
- Sulfadimethoxine
Chemical immobilization

28. Quarantine Protocol
ID
- Recognition by paint color on
spine
- Daily activity tracking
Behavior evaluation
- Usage of focal ethogram to evaluate basic activity such as movement, rest,
feeding, water consumption.
- Our table will include an individual evaluation in the quarantine area and in
the exhibition area
- Data collection will be every minute

29. Tiempo de observación 1 hora
Tipo de conducta Conducta / Espacio Area de exhibición Area de cuarentena
Intervalo de observación Cada 1 minuto Cada 1 minuto
FISIOLOGÍA
Comer
Beber
Búsqueda de alimento
Dormir
Acicalamiento
Defecar
Marcar
COGNITIVO
Relajación
Miedo
Estereotipias
Angustia
Agresividad
MOTORA
Rugidos
Desplazamiento
Estiramiento

30. GRUPO 6
Captive
management of
Panthera onca
Alessandra Calderón, Mariano Cisneros,
Carlos Chávez, Samantha Teves y Valeria
Agüero

31. BIOSAFETY

32. Cleaning & Disinfection
- Daily inspections of natural exhibit (remove
fecal material, waste products, enrichment
items)
- Cleaning/sanitations of off-display (areas,
exhibits, work areas, corridors)
- Use of detergents (lotionized soap and
degreasing dish detergents) and disinfecting
agents (e.g., quaternary ammonium
disinfectants, chlorhexidine, and diluted
bleach) → Veterinary-approved
- After any chemical application, surfaces
should be rinsed with a high-pressure water
stream
- Wet areas have completely dried in order to
prevent injury to the animals
Schedule Time
Monday
Mornings (7:30) & afternoon -
evenings (1:00 - 3:00 pm)
Tuesday
Mornings (7:30) & afternoon -
evenings (1:00 - 3:00 pm)
Wednesday
Mornings (7:30) & afternoon -
evenings (1:00 - 3:00 pm)
Thursday
Mornings (7:30) & afternoon -
evenings (1:00 - 3:00 pm)
Friday
Mornings (7:30) & afternoon -
evenings (1:00 - 3:00 pm)
Saturday
Mornings (7:30) & afternoon -
evenings (1:00 - 3:00 pm)
Sunday
Mornings (7:30) & afternoon -
evenings (1:00 - 3:00 pm)

33. Occupational Risk
- The transport of animals must be conducted in
order to be safe, well planned and coordinated and
reduce risk to the animal, staff and the general
public
- Training and procedures must be implemented to
minimize the risk of zoonotic diseases
- Use of gloves, masks, disinfected material
At no time should the animal or people be subjected to
unnecessary risks or dangers
Masks and minimize physical exposure with some
species

34. Occupational Risk
- In caregiver work areas, good results have been
achieved using 2 in. x 2 in. steel mesh with a
thickness of 1/4 in. Woven cable mesh is quite
flexible and can be stretched several meters
- Taking care of the correct handling and care during
the time of feeding and cleaning of the jaguar
- Always follow the rules for animal control

35. Analysis of Food & Water Sources
Hire a laboratory that performs food analysis
➔ Physical-chemical analysis: Parameters of its
chemical composition such as pH, water
activity, humidity, etc. They are of vital
importance for the development of
microorganisms in food.
➔ Microbiologic analysis: Evaluate the amount
of microorganisms that the food to offer
possesses.
➔ Pesticide residue analysis: These pesticides
can come from environmental contamination
or treatment of plants.
➔ Analysis of possible toxins in food
➔ Post treatment contamination related to fecal
coliforms, enterobacteria and Streptococci.
Have an expert staff in wildlife nutrition
➔ Nutritional study: the nutritional
composition of food is analyzed (fats,
proteins, salt, sugars, energy values)
➔ Formulation of diets.
The diet must be negative for the presence of
Salmonella and Listeria, and must be within the
specified tolerance limits for total coliforms and E. coli.

36. Analysis of Food & Water Sources
Hire a laboratory that performs analysis of water sources
➔ Microbiological tests*
➔ Trace metal and major anion tests
➔ Tests of the full range of organic compounds (hydrocarbons, PAHs, pesticides,
volatiles, PCBs, etc.)
➔ Disinfection Byproduct Testing including Haloacetic Acids (HAAs),
Trihalomethanes (THMs), NDMA, Bromate, Bromide, Chlorate, and Chlorite

37. Vector Control
Management and reduction
of the rodent population
They are carriers and carriers
of various communicable
diseases.
The elimination of a pest such as the rat is practically
impossible, so what must be done is to rotate preventive
measures (poisons, traps, location, etc), constant checks of
the facilities and the exhibition area must have a metal
mesh at its base, with a depth of 60 cm and avoid the
formation of burrows.
Preventive measures
- Use of warfarin-based rodenticides (rotate rodenticide every 3 months)
- Mouse traps (rotate location and check of these)
- Seal empty spaces or holes where the animal can hide and make its nest
- Electrical helpers (alarms) to give us a location where to put more emphasis
Activities Month 1 Month 2 Moth 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6
Cheat review
x x x x x x
Bait change
x x x

38. Solid Waste and/or Water Waste Management
Rejillas Vortice
Detritus
They should be placed upstream
of pumping stations or any
subsequent treatment device
that is likely to become clogged
by coarse material brought in by
untreated wastewater. The
approach channel to the screen
must be designed to prevent the
accumulation of sand or other
heavy material upstream of it.
Conventional: Horizontal flow is
the most used in our
environment. The particles settle
as the speed with which they are
transported by the water is
reduced.
Vortex desanding systems are
based on the formation of a
mechanically induced vortex
(eddy), which captures the
solids in the central hopper of
a circular tank.
They must be removed to avoid risks. The
infestations, e.g. parasites, they can spread
through them. Some flies also use those
droppings to deposit their eggs.
Objective of
Management of waste

39. - Association of Zoo Aquariums (2018). MANUAL PARA CUIDADO DE JAGUARES (Panthera onca) Recuperado
de: https://assets.speakcdn.com/assets/2332/jaguar_care_manual_spanish_alpza.pdf
- EAZA (2022). Jaguar (Panthera onca) EAZA Best Practice Guidelines. Recuperado de:
https://www.eaza.net/assets/Uploads/CCC/BPG-2022/Panthera-Onca-BPGs-2022.pdf
- School of Planning and Architecture (2018) Design Guidelines for Zoos. Recuperado de:
https://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/publications/english/ZOO%20BOOK___LOW-RES.pdf
- SERFOR (2020 Lineamientos para la elaboración de planes de manejo de fauna silvestre aplicables para
zoológicos
https://www.serfor.gob.pe/portal/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Lineamiento-para-PMFS-Zoologicos.pdf
- Federación Europea de Fabricantes de Alimentos para Animales de Compañía (s/f). Guías Nutricionales para
alimentos completos y complementarios para perros y gatos. Recuperado de:
https://www.um.es/documents/14554/744854/Guias-Nutricionales-FEDIAF-es-2017.pdf/410142b0-9ad7-475
2-a0a7-3b102b1dc3c0
- INEC (2007) Instalación de cautiverio. Recuperado de:
http://www2.inecc.gob.mx/publicaciones2/libros/331/instala.html
- El papel de los zoológicos de Mesoamérica y el Caribe en la Conservación de los Jaguares (Panthera
onca). 2000. Parque zoológico y Jardín Botánico Nacional Simón Bolivar San José, Costa Rica
Recuperado de: http://www.cbsg.org/sites/cbsg.org/files/documents/Zoos%20Jaguar%202000.pdf
- Viscarra, M., Ayala, G., Galeon, R. (2010). Programa piloto de enriquecimiento ambiental para jaguar
(Panthera onca) en el Zoológico Municipal Vesty Pakos Sofro, La Paz, Bolivia.
- MINAM (2017). DECRETO LEGISLATIVO Nº 1278. Recuperado de
https://www.minam.gob.pe/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ds_014-2017-minam_-RRSS.pdf
-
Bibliographic references