A project that I had to do for my Health Class about Non-Communicable diseases.

1. Breast Cancer Megan Bernard Health 1, Quarter 1

2. Why Make a Presentation about Breast Cancer? Breast Cancer has played a role in my life probably since the day my mother lost her best friend to Breast Cancer. She has inspired my decision to make my topic breast cancer because of what she does to help find a cure. I have gone with her countless times to Susan G. Komen’s Race for the Cure on Mother’s day (this is a 3.2 or 5K walk to raise money for the cure). Since then, she has found a different organization, Avon Walk for Breast Cancer, where she walks 39.3 miles over the course of two days. I made my project about this topic not only because of this, but because I don’t really understand what breast cancer is. Through this project, I hope to become enlightened.

3. The Origins of Cancer Hippocrates was the one to name Cancer. When he saw the kind of tumors you get when you have cancer, he thought that they resembled crabs, like the one below. Hippocrates lived in a time period where it was thought that the body was made up of four fluids: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. It was thought that if you had too much black bile anywhere in your body that that was what gave you cancer.

4. In Egypt, 8 cases of breast cancer were recorded around 1500 BC. These cases were treated by cauterization. To do this, they used an extremely hot tool called a fire drill. This tool would destroy the affected tissue. Unfortunately, this tool was not the cure to Cancer. It was only used to relieve or lessen the effects of the cancer.

5. What is Breast Cancer? Breast cancer is defined as a malignant tumor that starts in the cell of the breast and invades other cells. A benign tumor is not cancerous and hasn’t spread while a malignant tumor is cancerous and has spread. Breast cancer tumor

6. Long-Term Effects Dilated blood vessels (leads to red blotches) Sore and sensitive scar Smaller and harder breast Itchy, red, or darker skin Swelling of the breasts Inflamed, hard, and thick lung linings Difficulty breathing Chest pain Dry cough Fatigue years after treatment for breast cancer Numbness Aching Muscles Painful joints Decreased sexual interest Dryness Painful intercourse Fear of rejection Early menopause Relaying all side-effects to your doctor is very important.

7. Short-Term Effects Swelling Redness Changes in the shape of your breast Bodily Disfigurements Anxiety (about future treatments, prognosis, etc.) Depression Temporary Menopause Osteoporosis Pain in your breast due to surgery or radiation

8. Compared to African American women, white women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer, but less likely to die of it. One possible reason is that African American women tend to have more aggressive tumors, although why this is the case is not known. Women of other ethnic backgrounds — Asian, Hispanic, and Native American — have a lower risk of developing and dying from breast cancer than white women and African American women. About 40,170 women in the U.S. were expected to die in 2009 from breast cancer, though death rates have been decreasing since 1990. These decreases are thought to be the result of treatment advances, earlier detection through screening, and increased awareness. Statistics/Facts As of 2008, there are about 2.5 million women in the U.S. who have survived breast cancer. For women in the U.S., breast cancer death rates are higher than those for any other cancer besides lung cancer. About 90% of breast cancers are due not to heredity, but to genetic abnormalities that happen as a result of the aging process and life in general. A woman’s risk of breast cancer approximately doubles if she has a first-degree relative (mother, sister, daughter) who has been diagnosed with breast cancer. About 20-30% of women diagnosed with breast cancer have a family history of breast cancer.

10. Family History

11. Race (white women are slightly more likely to contract the disease than African- American women. The reason for this is unclear).

13. Bloody discharge from the nipple

14. A change in the shape or size of your breast

15. Changes to the skin over the breast (i.e. dimpling)

16. Inverted nipple

17. Peeling or flaking of the nipple skin

18. Redness or pitting of the skin over your breast (similar to an orange).A note from Mayo Clinic’s website: “If you find a lump or other change in your breast — even if a recent mammogram was normal — make an appointment with your doctor.

20. Targeted Therapies– These are treatments that focus on specific characteristics of the cancer. Herceptin (causes cancer cells to stop receiving signals), Tykerb (blocks proteins that cause uncontrolled cell growth), and Avastin (stops the growth of new blood vessels) are the three most used Targeted Therapies by doctors.

21. Surgery– One can get a lumpectomy (where only the tumor is removed) or a mastectomy (where the entire breast is removed, but the muscle behind it can remain).

22. Chemotherapy– Medicine is used to weaken and/or destroy the cancer cells. This is often done before surgery to get as much out as possible. Chemotherapy affects the entire body because it goes through the bloodstream.

24. Minimize or avoid alcohol

25. Eat as many fruits and vegetables as you can

26. Make exercise a regular thing for the rest of your life

27. Consume monounsaturated oils (such as canola, olive oil, nuts/seeds, and avocados). These have anti-cancer properties.

28. Consume whole-grains and beans/legumes. Minimize the consumption of white flour, white rice, white potatoes, sugar and products containing them.

29. Keep a positive outlook!

30. Eat your vitamins!

32. Questions How many cases of cancer were recorded in Egypt around 1500 BC? What are two ways to treat breast cancer? Why did Hippocrates thought tumors looked like __________ therefore, he called them cancer.

33. Answers How many cases of cancer were recorded in Egypt around 1500 BC? What are two ways to treat breast cancer? Why did Hippocrates thought tumors looked like __________ therefore, he called them cancer. 8 Cases Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy, Hormonal Therapy, Targeted Therapies crabs

34. Bibliography Information (cont.) http://womenshealth.about.com/od/cancerprevention/a/10stepsprevbcan.htm http://www.breastcancer.org/treatment/ http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/breast-cancer/DS00328/DSECTION=symptoms http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/BreastCancer/OverviewGuide/breast-cancer-overview-what-causes http://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/understand_bc/what_is_bc.jsp http://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/understand_bc/statistics.jsp?gclid=CM-s3sfZ_aICFRMeDQodIQ0yZQ http://cancer.about.com/od/historyofcancer/a/cancerhistory.htm Pictures http://theprostatebook.com.au/blog/tag/frequent-urination/ http://www.tampabay.com/features/humaninterest/article863748.ece http://www.hhom.org/links.htm http://iamjwal.com/stylized-hieroglyphic-alphabet/ Information http://www.ehow.com/facts_5033393_shortterm-effects-breast-cancer.html http://www.ehow.com/about_4926328_longterm-effects-breast-cancer.html http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/BreastCancer/DetailedGuide/breast-cancer-what-is-breast-cancer