The document discusses the z-test, which is a hypothesis testing procedure that uses the z-statistic. It assumes the events under investigation follow the standard normal distribution. The z-test involves defining the null and alternative hypotheses, choosing the test statistic (the z-statistic), computing the critical region based on the significance level (typically 0.05 or 0.025), and determining whether the test statistic falls in the critical region to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. An example problem is provided to demonstrate how to perform a z-test.