Philosophical Foundation of education Reformation

1. REFORMATION
1500-1600

2. REFORMATION
What is Reformation?
 The religious revolution of the 16th century that begun
by trying to reform Catholism and ended with
establishment of Protestant.
 The term Protestant was not initially applied to the
reformers, but later was used to describe all
protesting Roman catholic beliefs and practices.
 Reformation was not merely a reform in religious
doctrine. It involved political, economic, moral,
philosophical and institutional changes.

3. Causes of Reformation
 People grew displeased with the churches
 The corruption of the Renaissance Papacy
 European population was increasingly anti-clerical
 Absenteeism of church leaders
 The controversy over the sale of indulgences
 Abuse of Power
 Immorality

4.  EDUCATIONAL GOALS:
- Cultivate commitment to a particular religious denomination and general literacy.
 STUDENTS:
- Boys and girls ages 7-12 in vernacular schools, young men of upper class in humanist
school.
 INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS:
- Memorization, Drill, Indoctrination, translation and analysis of classical literature in
humanist schools.
 CURRICULUM:
- Reading, writing, arithmetic, catechism, religious concepts and rituals, Latin and
Greek Theology.
 AGENTS:
- Vernacular elementary School for general public and classical schools for upper class
 INFLUENCE ON EDUCATION:
- Commitment to universal education to provide literacy for everyone, origins of school
systems, dual track school system based on socio-economic class and career goals.
REFORMATION

5. REFORMATION
REFORMERS DOCTRINE
1. Sola Scriptura ( Bible Only)
- The reformers declared the Bible to be the only rule of faith and
practice.
2. Solo Christo ( Christ Only)
- Salvation is located not in the church, or in an organization but
through faith in Christ
3. Sola Gratia ( Grace Only)
- Reformers believed that salvation was caused to tally God’s grace.
4. Sola Fide ( Faith Only)
- That salvations comes by faith and not as a result of good works.
5. Soli Deo Gloria ( God’s Glory Only )
- Gods glory was the ultimate purpose of all things.

6. REFORMERS
 Martin Luther was a German monk and professor of
theology (religion) at the University of Wittenberg.
He was the greatest protagonist of the Reformation
 During his study of the New Testament, he came to
believe that Christians are saved not through their
own efforts but by the gift of God’s grace, which
they accept in faith.
 In 1517 he posted a list of 95 theses (arguments)
against indulgences and church abuses on the church
door in the town of Wittenberg. He also sent the list
to church leaders.
 He also translated the Bible into German.
 His initial goal is to reform the Catholic church not to
create a new one.
REFORMATION
Martin Luther
( 1483-1546)

7. Luther’s Issues with the Catholic Church
Sale of Indulgences
Luther believed that the Bible was the
ultimate authority - not the pope or clergy
Of the seven sacraments only Baptism
and Holy Communion were found in the Bible
He also came to believe in justification
through faith alone not faith and good
works
REFORMATION
REFORMERS

8. OTHER REFORMERS
• Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland
– Theocracy
• A government in which church and state are joined and in
which officials are considered to be divinely inspired.
• John Calvin in Switzerland
– Predestination
• God knows who will be saved, even before people are born,
and therefore guides the lives of those destined fore
salvation.
• John Knox in Scotland
– Laid grounds for Presbyterian Church
REFORMATION

9. Woodcuts of the Reformation
Why so popular?
Inexpensive to buy
Easy to produce
Appeals to (il)literate
audience
Radical themes
Hybrid of oral, print, &
image culture

10. In England, the Reformation began with the
King!
 King Henry VIII (1491-1547)
 The king who had six wives.
 Henry needed a male to preserve his throne
 He asked the Pope for an annulment so he could marry
someone who could give him a male heir
 The Pope denied his request. Catholic Church does not
permit divorce.
 In 1534, he formed the Church of England (Anglican
Church)
 Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy 1534
 Made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth of the
Church of England”
 Many refused to accept Henry as the head of the church
and were executed for treason
REFORMATION

11. 1530-1648

12. COUNTER REFORMATION
What is Counter Reformation?
 It was the official response of the Catholic Church to
the Protestant Reformation.
 The reform movement in the Catholic Church to
strengthen the Church and keep Catholics from
converting to Protestantism.
 Some historians object to the term Counter
Reformation as implying only the negative elements in
the movement, and they prefer designations such as
Catholic Reformation or Catholic Restoration.

13. Causes of the Counter Reformation
Humanist values led people to question church
authority.
Some clergy were corrupt, worldly, or poorly
educated.
Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses.
The printing press helped spread Reformation
ideas.

14. Three main instruments of
Counter Reformation
COUNTER REFORMATION

15. COUNTER REFORMATION

16.  held between 1545 and 1563 in Trento (Trent) and Bologna, northern Italy,
was one of the Roman Catholic Church's most important councils. Initiated by
Pope Paul III, (the first pope of Counter Reformation) to redefine some
religious doctrines of the Catholic Church
 Some areas were actually reformed
 Called for the education of priests
 Improved discipline and administration among the clergy
 Indulgences got banned after the Council finished its meetings
 The ideas of the Protestants were rejected. Many teachings were not
changed, and were instead reinforced;
 The council determined that faith, good works and all sacraments were all
necessary for salvation.
 Reaffirmed the transubstantiation and 7 traditional sacraments
 Bible is written in Latin, not the vernacular language
 Pope is the Supreme Leader
 Man has free will (your fate is NOT predestined)
COUNTER REFORMATION
1. Council of Trent

18. 2. Roman Inquisition
 An agency established in 1542 to combat the opinion or belief that
contradicts the Catholic church.
 General purpose was to discover heretics (mostly Jews and Muslims,
but also Protestants), reinforce Catholic doctrine, and prove the
power of the Church
 Published the first Index of Forbidden Books in 1559, list of books
that offended faith or morals.
 The Roman Inquisition tried people who were accused:
 being Protestant
 practicing witchcraft
 breaking church law.
 The accused were put on trial and were guilty until proven innocent.
COUNTER REFORMATION

20. 3. Religious Orders
 New religious orders were created to focus on performing charity and
good works
 Spread of the church by preaching and teaching.
 This reaffirmed the Catholic tradition that one needed more than just
faith to be save.
 Lived among the poor and sick
 Strengthened rural parishes
 Encouraged pious and simple living
 Famous for missionary work
 Strived to gain political influence
 Countered the populist Protestant
 Reformation by counseling kings and princes
COUNTER REFORMATION

21. 3. Religious Orders
COUNTER REFORMATION
 The Society of Jesus: The Jesuits
 A religious group founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540, the most
effective of the new religious orders
 Ratio Studiorum or system of studies is a part of constitution of
the Society of Jesus. The instrument that guided Jesuit schools
and teaching.
 Administration – headed by a general
 Agency – secondary schools and university
 Curriculum – Humanities, Philosophy, Theology, Mathematics and
Science
 Methods – Memorization, frequent reviews of subject matter,
rejection of corporal punishment

22. 3. Religious Orders
COUNTER REFORMATION
 Other Religious Orders
 Capuchins - an offshoot of the Franciscan order notable for
their preaching and for their care for the poor and the sick,
grew rapidly
 Ursulines - focused on the special task of educating girls,[
 Theatines - undertook checking the spread of heresy and
contributed to a regeneration of the clergy
 Others : Barnabites, Dislcalced Carmelites, Augustians and
Cistercian Feuillants

23. Was the Counter-
Reformation a success?
 The Church did not win back many of the “lost
souls” that had converted to Protestantism…
 But, it shed its reputation for corruption and it
spread widely through missionary work

26. FORMAL DISCIPLINE
AIM
- To train the mind through rigorous or precise exercises in order to
develop intellectual capacities and to form specific habits
TYPES of education
- Physical , intellectual , moral
TRAINING/DRILL SUBJECTS
- Spelling, Mathematics & Grammar
AGENCY
- Elementary and Secondary schools
METHODS
- 3 distinct steps of learning: sensation, memory, reasoning
- exercise and drill
- Praise and censure ( criticize)
- Corporal punishment

27. FORMAL DISCIPLINE
RESULTS
The development of the mind body and moral was
enhanced.
The principle of freedom of thought and creativity
became the basis of education.

28. THE END…
REPORTED BY: FARRAH MATEO