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International Journal of
Biomedical Engineering
Jul–DEC 2016
IJBE

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International Journal of Biomedical Engineering is Bone plates, bone cements, cell biomaterial are the
focused area of the journal. Journal is a peer-reviewed journal that accepts both research and review papers.
Experimentalandtheoreticalpapersareacceptedinthisjournal.
Focus andScopeoftheJournal
 Bone plates
 Bone cement
 Artificial ligaments and tendons
 Dental implants for tooth fixation
 Blood vessel prostheses
 Heart valves
 Skin repair devices
 Surface modification of biomaterials with proteins
 Synthetic biodegradable polymer
 Drug and gene vector design
 Cell biomaterial
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EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Bhanu Kiran Goriparthi
GITAM University Visakhapatnam Andhra
Pradesh India,
Dr. Pierson Rathinaraj
Institute of Bio-Medical Technologies
Auckland University of Technology Auckland,
New Zealand.1142, New Zealand
Prof. Nil Ratan Bandyopadhyay
School of Materials Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Engineering Science and
Technology, Shibpur, India
Bimal Prasad Singh
CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials
Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha,
India
Dr. Omprakash Yemul
SRTM University Nanded, India
Dr. S. Krishnakumar
Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Faculty of Bio and Chemical
Engineering, Sathyabama University, Chennai,
India
Dr. Tapati Jana
Sarojini Naidu College for Women, Dumdum,
Kolkata, (West Bengal) India
Dr. PV. Mohanan
Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra
Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and
Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
Dr. Rajesh Das
Department of Applied Sciences, Haldia
Institute of Technology, Haldia, (West Bengal)
India
Dr. Neeraj R. Prasad
Dept of Nanoscience and Technology, Shivaji
University, Kolhapur, Maharastra,
India
Dr. Amit L. Sharma
Senior Scientist, Central Scientific Instruments
Organization (CSIO), Chandigarh,
India
Dr. Sunipa Roy
Assistant Professor, JIS Group,
India
Dr Kamal K. Kar
Professor, IIT Kanpur, India
Dr. Surabhi Johari
Assistant Professor, Dibrugarh University,
India
Nitin Sahai
Assistant Professor, North eastern Hill
University, India
Dr. Akalabya Bissoyi
Scientist, National Institute of Technology,
Raipur,India
Dr. Sudip Paul
Assistant Professor, North eastern Hill
University, India
Dr. S.Sivanandam
Assistant Professor, SRM University,
India

From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Biomedical Engineering. This journal is part of the
Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Biomedical Engineering issues,
from theoreticalaspectstoapplication-dependentstudiesand thevalidationofemergingtechnologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Biomedical Engineering as
an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and
technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Biomedical Engineering community,
addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International journals of
Biomedical Engineering in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of
mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range
of topics in Biomedical Engineering in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific
community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journals of
Biomedical Engineering focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Bone plates, Bone cement,
Dental implants for tooth fixation, Heart valves, Skin repair devices, Synthetic biodegradable polymer and
Drug andgenevectordesign.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Biomedical
Engineeringandsolutionsinthearea.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Biomedical
Engineering. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an
innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new
developmentsinthefieldofBiomedicalEngineering.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Biomedical Engineering
readers andwillstimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofit.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. An Algorithm for ST Segment Detection Using Correlation Technique
Sandhya Singh, Shahanaz Ayub, Gaurav Gupta 1
2. Design and Development of a Passive Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis
P. Talukdar, S. Bag, S. Bhattacharjee 7
3. The Role of Foot Ankle Joint Mobility and Standing Plantar Pressure Distribution
Variation to Diabetic Foot Ulceration
R. Periyasamy, D. Joshi, S. Anand 13
4. Some Experimental Studies on Properties of Acrylic Dielectric Elastomers as Actuator for
Artificial Skeletal Muscle Application
Yogesh Chandra, Jitendra Mehta, RaviPrakash Tewari 23
5. A Comparative Short-Term Study for Efficiency in Similar Dance Routines of
Different Dance Forms for Different Groups
Jessee Moirangthem, Aparna Priya, Dinesh Bhatia 29
Contents

IJBE (2016) 1-6 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Biomedical Engineering
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
An Algorithm for ST Segment Detection Using Correlation
Technique
Sandhya Singh, Shahanaz Ayub, Gaurav Gupta*
Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jhansi, UP, India
ABSTRACT
A novel algorithm for ST segment analysis is developed using the correlation technique. In
electrocardiogram, the ST segment is important, it has close relationship with myocardial
ischemia and myocardial infraction. In this paper ST detection is divided into two parts,
firstly R-R peak detection to check the heart rate variation from normal heart rate 60-
100BPM next part is detection of seven ST segments from ECG strip. Analysis has done on
consecutive seven ST segments. In the analysis of ST segment heart rhythm is regular and
correlation coefficient of ST segments are comparatively low with respect to respect to
normal ST segment. The algorithm is implemented in MATLAB and is able to successfully
detect ST segment.
Keywords: arrhythmia, correlation, ECG, MATLAB, R wave, ST segment
INTRODUCTION
ST segment defined as part of ECG
located between point J and J+X ms In
ECG (electrocardiogram) monitoring, ST
segment the change of electric potential in
the period which from the end of
ventricular depolarization to the origin of
repolarization. In normal conditions, ST
segment shows horizontal level, but some
heart disease condition ST segment will be
affected and drifted in different direction
and shown in Figure 1. ST segment
variation in large amount shows different
kind of heart disease attack. The
importance of the ST segment has been
highlighted by the Suzuki et al. ST
segment is the indicator of myocardial
oxygen supply/demand ratio. ST segment
is used for detection of myocardial
infraction, the ST segment may become
irregular.ST segment analysis is important
for diagnose sudden cardiac attack or heart
failure. The analysis of ST segment
requires the detection of isoelectric level,
onset and offset of QRS and T wave. The
first step of ST type classification is
calculate ST offset level, it include J+X,
R+X, regional search, and T wave
methods. The J+X method is firstly
determine the end point of QRS, named J
point, and then select the point which after
several milliseconds after J point as J+X
point, using the value of this point as the
offset level, R+X method is the same with
the above method, just use the R point
replace J point because R point is easily
determined than J point.[1]
Second method
is T wave method, the T wave method is
using the onset point the T wave as the
offset level of ST segment.
The shape recognition of ST segment is
very important for heart disease especially
in sudden cardiac attack and for
recognizing various heart disease, this
feature not can help to analysis the reason
of ST change, but help people to determine
the heart disease. In this field many people

Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Design and Development of a Passive Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis
P. Talukdar1*
, S. Bag1
, S. Bhattacharjee2
1
JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
2
Royal School of Engineering and Technology, Guwahati, India
ABSTRACT
Persons suffering with Poliomyelitis, Muscle Dystrophy, Multiple Sclerosis, spinal cord
injury or Quadriceps Muscle injury leads to mobility impairment which locks the knee and
the ankle from full extension during both the stance and swing phases of Gait cycle. Locking
the knee results in abnormal gait pattern characterized by hip hiking and leg circumduction
during swing as a result of which they suffer from pain, depression and ultimately they feel
humiliated. So, the persons with such weaknesses and impairments are often prescribed with
a knee-ankle-foot-orthosis. In this study an orthotic devices are designed to assist in
improving the muscular or skeletal structure of the legs, ankles, knees and feet. In this study
the important design factors such as size, weight and noise etc. were considered to ensure
wide consumer acceptance. The newly developed orthotic devices are light weight, cost
effective and fulfilled all the design criterion of controlling the motion, correction of
deformity and foot drop, compensation of weakness, making it as comfortable to wear. The
clinical trial shows its effectiveness.
Keywords: assistive device, knee-ankle-foot-orthosis, muscle dystrophy, pathological gait,
rehabilitation
INTRODUCTION
Walking is a fundamental part of one’s
daily life and a key component in overall
quality of life. The efficiency and
effectiveness of gait depends on joint
mobility and muscle activity, where both
are selective in terms of timing and
intensity.[1]
The forces and motions
generated during gait are attributed to
three main functional tasks: weight
acceptance, single limb support and limb
advancement.[2]
Weight acceptance and
single limb support occur during swing
when foot is off the ground. The ability of
walk can be impaired by injuries as well as
numerous neurological and muscular
pathologies.[3,4]
In 2015 census, it was published that
India’s population is 1.28 billion out of
which 23.73% lives in urban areas and
76.27% lives in rural areas. In their 58th
round survey over disabled person, the
National Sample Survey Organization
found that the percentage of locomotive
disability is much higher compare to other
disabled condition such as mental
disability, visual disability, hearing
disability, speech disability etc.[5]
In our
country, a large number of population
suffer from lower limb deformities with
impairments like stroke, polio, multiple
sclerosis, spinal cord injuries and cerebral
palsy etc. Such impairments are very often
treated with “Lower limb orthosis” as a
means of improving functionality during
gait.[6,7]
These are the devices which
externally assist a person to support and
improve the muscular or skeletal structure
of the legs, ankles, knees and feet. The

Vol. 2: Issue 2
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The Role of Foot Ankle Joint Mobility and Standing Plantar
Pressure Distribution Variation to Diabetic Foot Ulceration
R. Periyasamy1*
, D. Joshi2
, S. Anand2
1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
2
Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
ABSTRACT
Background: Foot ulceration is a common cause for hospitalization among type 2 diabetes
subjects in India. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of foot ankle joint
mobility and standing plantar pressure distribution variation in causing foot ulceration and
its association with duration of diabetes. Methods: The thirty nine subjects with age ranged
from 40 to 75 years were participated in this study and classified into three groups: 13
subjects with diabetic neuropathy (DN), 13 subjects without diabetic neuropathy (DWN) and
13 subjects with healthy feet. Neuropathy status was assessed using 10gm Semens Weinstein
monofilament. Joint mobility parameters such as ankle dorsiflexion/plantar flexion and
Metatarsophalangeal–I dorsiflexion/ plantar flexion are measured by goniometer. Plantar
pressure distributions parameter-Power ratio (PR) was measured during barefoot standing
using portable Pedopowergraph system. Results: Our result shows that metatarsophalangeal-
I dorsiflexion (MTH-I DF)/plantar flexion (MTH-I PF) of both feet of type 2 diabetes subjects
had significant correlation (p<0.0001) over duration of diabetes. Mean range of ankle
dorsiflexion (ANKDF) and MTH-I DF was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in DN group than
DWN group. Also there was significant (p<0.05; p<0.01) change in PR value between DN
and CG groups under the fore foot and hind foot. The degree of joint mobility was more
restricted in subjects with longer duration of diabetes. Plantar pressure distribution
parameter-PR was higher in subjects with longer duration of diabetes. Conclusions: We
conclude that increased forefoot PR value and reduced ankle joint mobility have clinical
significance in diabetic neuropathic subjects and may be responsible for the occurrence of
foot sole ulcers but additional prospective studies are needed. In future we will investigate
the plantar pressure distribution parameter-PR and joint mobility variation in diabetes with
obese and deformity subject.
Keywords: duration of diabetes, foot and ankle joint mobility, goniometry, plantar pressure
distribution parameter-PR, type 2 diabetes, ulceration
INTRODUCTION
Plantar ulceration is a significant
complication of diabetes mellitus and often
precedes lower extremity amputation
(Apelqvist J 1993, Boyko EJ 1996,
Larsson J 1998).[1–3]
The most frequent
underlying etiologies for ulceration are
neuropathy, trauma, deformity, high
plantar pressures and peripheral arterial
disease (Armstrong et al 1998).[4]
Diabetic
neuropathy is one of the most important
risk factor for plantar ulceration because it
was associated with limited joint mobility
(LJM) and increased peak plantar
pressure(Smith KE et al 2000, Singh N et
al 2005).[5,6]
However altered plantar

IJBE (2016) 23–28 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 23
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Some Experimental Studies on Properties of Acrylic Dielectric
Elastomers as Actuator for Artificial Skeletal Muscle Application
Yogesh Chandra, Jitendra Mehta, RaviPrakash Tewari*
Department of Applied Mechanics, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, UP,
India
ABSTRACT
In this paper, experimental studies have been performed to get the properties of acrylic
dielectric elastomer for design and development of artificial skeletal muscles. The various
tests i.e. uniaxial tensile test, compression test, frequency and stretch dependent permittivity
test and oscillatory shear test of a commercially available acrylic dielectric elastomer (VHB
4910, 3M, USA) film have been performed and methods for the preparation of samples,
experimental procedures, use of various machines with different setups are discussed. The
uniaxial tensile (different stretch rates) test/compression test were performed on the UTM,
whereas permittivity of this material was determined from measured capacitance using LCR
meter. Variations of permittivity with different pre-strain values and with different applied
voltage frequencies are also studied. Oscillatory shear test was performed on the Rheometer
with cylindrical specimen. Finally results of all tests are discussed and compared with
observations of various researchers.
Keywords: actuators, compression test, dielectric elastomers, permittivity
INTRODUCTION
This paper reports the experimental studies
on the properties of acrylic dielectric
elastomers, i.e. a type of electroactive
polymers have been recognized as future
materials for actuator technology due to
their tuneable properties such as high
dielectric constant, low elastic modulus,
large actuation strain, high specific energy
density, good fatigue resistance and high
energy absorption capacity.[1–4]
Several
applications have been envisaged for
dielectric elastomer actuators alternative to
conventional actuators for numerous
applications including robotics,
prosthetics, biomedical, actuators such as
mobile mini robots, micro-pumps,
prosthetic devices and flat panel
loudspeakers. These actuators transform
electrical energy into mechanical work.
Researchers have been designed and
fabricated dielectric actuators of different
shapes successfully.
A dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA)
consists of an elastomeric film coated on
both sides with compliant electrodes.
When electric field is applied, the
attractive force between dissimilar charges
on opposite electrodes generates
compressive stress in the thickness
direction.[4]
Recent investigations on the
relative permittivity show that its value
varies with pre-straining, temperature,
frequency and applied compliance
electrodes. In this paper, the permittivity
variation of VHB 4910 for large range of
frequency and high uniaxial stretch value
has been shown. A typical tensile test
result of such elastomer is a stress-strain

Vol. 2: Issue 2
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A Comparative Short-Term Study for Efficiency in Similar Dance
Routines of Different Dance Forms for Different Groups
Jessee Moirangthem1
, Aparna Priya2
, Dinesh Bhatia1*
1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, NEHU, Shillong, India
2
Department of Biomedical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India
ABSTRACT
Dance is an art which requires the active involvement of an individual’s physical and mental
well-being. In the present world, many people are showing keen interest in dance and trying
to learn on their own or through online videos. However, they lack the knowledge of proper
body movements and the biomechanics rules the body should follow in order to execute the
required movement. Such continued practice over a long period of time often awards them
with injuries which may be prominent or long lasting. For this study, two similar dance
routines of two different dance forms were considered, the Araimandi of Bharathanatyam
and Demi-Plie of Ballet. The posture of trained dancers was considered in these dance
routines was studied and incorporated on non-dancers. Also, another group of non-dancers
were instructed to imitate the posture.
Keywords: Araimandi, biomechanics, dance, Demi-Plie, injuries
INTRODUCTION
Biomechanics is the scientific discipline
that studies the mechanical principles of
human movement and provides
information on muscular function and its
characteristics. Dance inquiry involving
the principles and techniques of
biomechanics dates back to the early
1960s with continuous reforms in its
studies.[1–6]
In dance, the body is the
instrument, and as any other instrument, it
has to be well studied and controlled.
During dancing, the body of the dancer is
considered to be in balance when his
evolution is determined by the state of
balance which could be static or
dynamic.[7,8]
Biomechanics of dance,
defined as the science examining internal
and external forces acting on a dancer,
points out mechanical and physiological
effects produced by these. The qualitative
analysis of dance techniques (balances,
jumps, turns and pas de deux), in order to
give, at the end, scientific dignity to a
teaching method based on biomechanical
principles.[9–11]
Dance injuries are seldom caused by one
single trauma or physical factor; rather
they are usually the result of repeated
overload and micro-trauma superimposed
on multiple biomechanical factors. A
sound biomechanical evaluation is
essential in providing complete treatment
for the dancer.[1,5]
Foot and ankle injuries
are among the most common to affect the
dancing population. Being able to not only
identify these injuries but also to
understand their mechanics helps with
treatment. The most common of the foot
and ankle injuries were the lateral ankle
sprain followed by tendinopathies of the
lower extremity musculature and other
injuries such as posterior ankle

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