1. Principles of Editing
There are three sub genres in the principles of editing, creating meaning through
collage, tempo & timing, Story – centered editing & the construction of meaning &
creating meaning outside the story.
Collage – a collage is the way in which the video clips are put together to put the
point across in the film, switching between content on screen and characters in a
relevant formation. Such as in Lord of the rings edited by Hitchcock where the
switching between the reflection of Golumn and himself creating two different
personas for the character, one being his alter ego the other being itself which
confuses the audience but the flow of conversation is never broken between them, it
shot reverse shots continuously like it would in a normal conversation.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhF060VmS1g
Tempo – This is the length of the clip, adjusted to create a different atmosphere, a
short sequence of clips for tension and a long clip if more detail is needed to be paid
attention to. The average length of a shot is 4.75 seconds compared to how it used
to be 5.15 seconds which shows that editing styles have changed to be much
quicker, the film industry is a lot more fast paced, viewers wanting more action,
action needing quicker editing. With the speed of clips becoming shorter some
viewers may not be able to adjust to what is going on on-screen quick enough due to
the human eye needing 3 seconds to adjust to a picture change, some in recent films
being shorter than that.

2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0RFWOfZtq4
In this clip of the 400 blows the clips when watching the overview of the carousel
stay for longer, trying to gather more information of what is going on on-screen but
when from another view such as looking up at the audience it does not stay for as
long because little focus and knowing is known as to what is going on, the close ups
stay for a longer period of time then the reverse shots.
Another way of adjusting the tempo of a film is the transitions in which are used
which can depict the time between each clip, a straight cut without a editing
transition would be thought as a immediate change but with a fade that takes you to
another scene or location meaning that the time frame would have had to been
adjusted. Using the fade to black transition could be there to show a gap of a sleep,
so when a character goes to sleep it fades to black and reopens the shot in another
day.
When editing the tempo can be adjusted by how the shots are filmed before the
editing process, if a two shot of some characters is filmed and then something
happens another shot of a close up of one of the characters reactions could be
switched to, still remaining in the same time but making the clip more personal. In
the film bonnie and clyde this is used, when the woman is walking down the stairs it
is unclear what she has, but then switches to a different perspective now showing
her with a gun.
Story – Centered editing & construction and meanings
The way the film is put into the timeline in editing can completely change the
audiences perception of what is going, if your telling a normal story using a linear
editing style will make it straight forward, sequencing them in order as to how they
happen but in films such a fight club this does not happen, the order in which things
happen is altered so the motive of the film is not made clear until the end this is non
linear editing or media res.
Condensing or expanding time is by putting clips together and using fade ins and out,
it creates the thought in the audiences mind of time passing by such as in spiderman
when he designs his costume it makes it look as if he has been trying to come up
with ideas for hours by putting all his drawings across the screen that is called

3. expanding.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFYHMfF4oIY
understanding what it going on on-screen is key, the special awareness f the editing
must be taken into account, if there is something which is being spoken about in
context and is not made clear on screen the audience will not be able to make the
comparison or judgment of the item, so zooming in, in the editing process or filming
a close up is what should be done in the situations where something in the
background or of small resemblance needs to be made clearer.
During conversation between two characters as well as using two shot, shot reverse
shot is used frequently, as in the Golumn clip where it switches between the
reflection and the character as they in turn speak. This is used to reveal the reaction
of a character in response to what someone is saying. Not usually from a point of
view of the character shown as if you were a by stander behind the character,
usually using the over the shoulder shot.
When trying to make the audience think on the same wavelength as the character or
feel involved in the scene the clip switches to what the character is looking at as he
looks at it so the audience feel as if they can see what the character is seeing
Where as a cutaway is when whatever is going on on-screen may have relevance but
not character orientated, more to set the scene that to explain to audience.

4. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1qIYWt1OOE
Creating meaning outside the story
The props are a very important part of the layout of a film and keeping them the
same throughout is to, if something moves between the time it has been shot last
this may make the film look weird because something may be there one minute and
gone the next, that is called a continuity error like in ace ventura half way through
the scene the chess pieces which were at one point on the table then dissapear.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uaVdFdb-KyQ
When establishing a scene with a few characters in the establishing shot shows the
characters on the side they are on there orientation in response to the camera, once
the establishing shot has been made you cannot go over the 180 degree mark
otherwise the characters will be facing in different directions as to how they were
originally, this is the 180 degree rule in filming.

5. http://vimeo.com/videoschool/lesson/52/180-degree-rule-explained
In 1924-25 the montage was a very popular editing technique used in films and the
soviets embraced communism so a lot of films had clips of the soviet way of life ,
usually military related jumbled together into there films, sergei Eisenstein was a
renowned director known for his montages and in his film ‘Oktober’ his use of the
montage creates and atmosphere of hard work and determination which was how
the soviets wanted to depict themselves, this movement only lasted 5 years until
1930.
http://cinetext.philo.at/reports/sv.html
http://au.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100811025929AAgLa6G
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0QAjpeosgU

6. Attribute to editing Techniques used
Collage A lot of different shots and types are
used, opening up and gaining more
information about the scene, 25 different
shots are used in the opening minute
ranging from extreme long shots, tracking
shot, ground shots & medium shots are
all used to show the audience the build up
to the fight, including other characters in
the scene who will be arriving on the
location, establishing the final part of the
clip.
Tempo The clips range from one second to 7
seconds, depending on the type of shot,
when establishing an object it stays on the
subject for 1 or 2 seconds, but with the
tracking shots last for longer because
more is to be shown. When involving the
main characters the clips focus for longer.
The longest clip is as they walk through
the gate and the camera is panning up as
there walking in establishing the
surroundings.
Timing During this scene there is little speech
most is fighting so reactions to speech is
not a problem but during the fight scenes
everything is in sync, when a character is
hit the shot either changes to a different
shot once they had been hit or of the
blood coming out of there face.
Continuity Due to a lot of action going on at the
same time and many characters being
involved in the fight, focus is kept on the
main characters because the extras in the
film will be moving around, it is not
made clear that characters are in the same
position because positional understanding
is not kept in the clip so you do not need
to understand where the extras will be in
the clip.
180 degree rule This apply mostly in conversation but
between characters fighting the camera
stays on one side of does not switch
between when a character is doing
something, but does change when there
are establishing shots and eyeline
matches, but this does not happen in the 1
clip so the 180 rule does not apply.
Order of events Everything is kept in a linear style,
everything happens in the order in which

7. it would normally, cutting far way to
another character on route to the location,
supposed to stay within the timing of
what’s going on.
Green Street Hooligan – Final Fight
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APb7TeeN8Tg