Plants are divided into two main groups: flowering plants and non-flowering plants. Flowering plants reproduce through flowers and seeds, while non-flowering plants reproduce through spores. The main parts of plants are roots, stems, and leaves. Plants produce their own food through photosynthesis, where chloroplasts in leaves use energy from the sun to turn carbon dioxide, water, and minerals into glucose.

1. 4 The Plant Kingdom
José Ángel

2. • Classification of plants:
The Plant Kingdom includes more tan 250.000 species,
ranging from tall tres to small plants.
Plants
Are divided into
Flowering plants Non-flowering plants
-Angiosperms. -Ferns.
-Gymnosperms. -Mosses.

3. • Flowering plants:
Flowering plants are the biggest group of
plants on Earth, plants use sexual
reproduction. Flowers reproductive organs.
Reproduce through seeds.
-In angiosperms pollinated flowers produce
fruits with seeds inside.
-Gymnosperms have small flowers. They
don’t produce any fruit and their seeds
develop in cones.

4. • Non-flowering plants:
Non-flowering plants do not produce seeds.
They reproduce asexually using spores.
Ferns:
-They have roots and strong stems.
-Have large leaves called fronds.
-They produce spores inside sori.
-Ferns are oldest plants on Earth.

5. Mosses:
-They have very simple stems and leaves.
Their roots are called rhizoids.
-They produce spores inside capsules.

6. • Parts of plants
Most plants have three parts: the roots, the stem and
the leaves.
-Roots: The roots hold the plant in the ground. Roots
absorb water and minerals needed for nutrition from
the ground through the root hairs.

7. • -Stem: The stem holds up the other parts of the plant.
It also transports materials to and from leaves.Water
and minerals travel through the stem to the leaves
photosynthesis.
• -Leaves: Leaves contain chlorophyll is necesary for
photosynthesis. Most leaves have two parts: the
petiole and the blade. Veins in the blade support the
leaf and carry water minerals. On the underside of
the blades, there are tiny holes, called stomata.

8. • PLANT NUTRITION AND RESPIRATION
• Nutrition:
Plants however, can produce their own food. They do
this during the process of photosintesis.
1. The roots absorb water and minerals from the soil.
2. Xylem cells transport this mixture of water and
minerals, called raw sap, through the stem to the
leaves.
3. Leaves absorb carbon dioxide through their stomata.
Certain parts of plant cells called chloroplasts,
chlorophyll collects solar energy to transform water,
minerals and carbon dioxide into glucose.
4. Phloem cells carry the glucose, the plants’ food,
through the stem to all the parts of the plant.

9. • Respiration:
Plants consume oxygen and produce it too. This
happens during the day as part of photosynthesis.
They expel this excess oxygen through the stomata.
At night, when photosynthesis stops, plants no longer
expel oxygen.
• Importance of photosyntesis:
- It provides us with oxygen to breathe.
- It consumes carbon dioxide.
- It transforms water and minerals into food. Then
animals can feed on plants to get energy to live.