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Dipolos permanentes
Ligação de hidrogénio: entre cadeias poliméricas
Devida a interacções permanentes DIPOLO-DIPOLO entre moléculas polares
Cerâmicos IÓNICAS
FORTES E
COVALENTES
Metais METÁLICAS
FORTES E
COVALENTES
Polímeros COVALENTES
FRACAS E
HIDROGÉNIO
2. Equipamento de ensaios mecânicos
Máquinas universais: tracção, compressão, Máquinas de dureza
flexão
Fátima Vaz
Propriedades mecânicas
Biomateriais - propriedades mais importantes = resistência mecânica e reactividade
química
comportamento mecânico depende da estrutura
Ensaio de tracção
F=0A0
l0
F1
A1
l1
F=0
l0
Deformaçãoelástica
F2
A2
l2
F=0
l3>l0
A3
F3
F
∆l=l-l0
F1
F2
F3
σ(MPa)
ε(%)
σced
σmax
σf
1. Introdução - Conceitos fundamentais
Ensaio de tracção
F aumenta L aumenta, A diminui, V mantém-se constante
Dois provetes do mesmo material
(áreas diferentes)
Comprimento inicial idêntico Forças diferentes
Variação de comprimento idêntico
A1 >A2 F1>F2 TENSÃO
Fátima Vaz
Def. Elástica σ=E ε lei de Hooke
Def . Plástica σ=k ε n
σ n =F/A0 - tensão nominal
εn= ∆l/l0 - extensão nominal
σ r= σ n (1+ εn)
εr = ln(l/l0)
Distorção
tensão de corte τ τ =Gγ G=módulo de distorção
E e G dependem das ligações atómicas
Isótropos- E e G- 2 cts para caracterizar a rigidez
Anisótropos - polímeros, tecidos, ossos- mais que duas constantes elásticas
Tensão nominal Tensão real
Alongamento ∆L=L-L0
Extensão nominal Extensão real
0A
F
n =σ
A
F
r =σ
0L
L
n
∆=ε
0L
Lln
L
0
L L
dL
r =∫=ε
)n1ln(r)n1(nr ε+=εε+σ=σ
F
∆L
ou σn -εn
Deformação elástica F=0 L=L0
Deformação Plástica F=0 L2≠L0
F
L0
L1
L2
Fátima Vaz
Após o máximo - localização da
deformação=estricção (não uniforme)
Deformação uniforme
Resistência à deformação- tensão de cedência - Materiais dúcteis- projecto baseado em σced
- tensão máxima Materiais frágeis- projecto baseado em σmáx
Ductilidade - alongamento até à fractura ∆L/L0
- redução de área até à fractura ∆A/A0
- extensão nominal uniforme
Rigidez - módulo de Young σ=Eε (lei de Hooke)
Resiliência
Tenacidade
Fátima Vaz
Parâmetros
Ductilidade - extensão até à fractura
- extensão uniforme
- redução de área até à fractura
Rigidez - módulo de Young
Resistência mecânica - tensão de cedência
- tensão máxima
Tenacidade - energia absorvida (def.plástica)
Resiliência - energia absorvida (def.elástica)
Tensão σ 0.2%

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Biomateriais2 2

  • 1. Dipolos permanentes Ligação de hidrogénio: entre cadeias poliméricas Devida a interacções permanentes DIPOLO-DIPOLO entre moléculas polares Cerâmicos IÓNICAS FORTES E COVALENTES Metais METÁLICAS FORTES E COVALENTES Polímeros COVALENTES FRACAS E HIDROGÉNIO
  • 2. 2. Equipamento de ensaios mecânicos Máquinas universais: tracção, compressão, Máquinas de dureza flexão Fátima Vaz
  • 3. Propriedades mecânicas Biomateriais - propriedades mais importantes = resistência mecânica e reactividade química comportamento mecânico depende da estrutura Ensaio de tracção F=0A0 l0 F1 A1 l1 F=0 l0 Deformaçãoelástica F2 A2 l2 F=0 l3>l0 A3 F3 F ∆l=l-l0 F1 F2 F3 σ(MPa) ε(%) σced σmax σf
  • 4. 1. Introdução - Conceitos fundamentais Ensaio de tracção F aumenta L aumenta, A diminui, V mantém-se constante Dois provetes do mesmo material (áreas diferentes) Comprimento inicial idêntico Forças diferentes Variação de comprimento idêntico A1 >A2 F1>F2 TENSÃO Fátima Vaz
  • 5. Def. Elástica σ=E ε lei de Hooke Def . Plástica σ=k ε n σ n =F/A0 - tensão nominal εn= ∆l/l0 - extensão nominal σ r= σ n (1+ εn) εr = ln(l/l0) Distorção tensão de corte τ τ =Gγ G=módulo de distorção E e G dependem das ligações atómicas Isótropos- E e G- 2 cts para caracterizar a rigidez Anisótropos - polímeros, tecidos, ossos- mais que duas constantes elásticas
  • 6. Tensão nominal Tensão real Alongamento ∆L=L-L0 Extensão nominal Extensão real 0A F n =σ A F r =σ 0L L n ∆=ε 0L Lln L 0 L L dL r =∫=ε )n1ln(r)n1(nr ε+=εε+σ=σ F ∆L ou σn -εn Deformação elástica F=0 L=L0 Deformação Plástica F=0 L2≠L0 F L0 L1 L2 Fátima Vaz
  • 7. Após o máximo - localização da deformação=estricção (não uniforme) Deformação uniforme Resistência à deformação- tensão de cedência - Materiais dúcteis- projecto baseado em σced - tensão máxima Materiais frágeis- projecto baseado em σmáx Ductilidade - alongamento até à fractura ∆L/L0 - redução de área até à fractura ∆A/A0 - extensão nominal uniforme Rigidez - módulo de Young σ=Eε (lei de Hooke) Resiliência Tenacidade Fátima Vaz
  • 8. Parâmetros Ductilidade - extensão até à fractura - extensão uniforme - redução de área até à fractura Rigidez - módulo de Young Resistência mecânica - tensão de cedência - tensão máxima Tenacidade - energia absorvida (def.plástica) Resiliência - energia absorvida (def.elástica) Tensão σ 0.2%