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IB Biology Genetics

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Jonathan O'Leary
Jonathan O'Leary

This document provides a summary of key concepts in genetics and heredity: 1. It defines key terms like DNA, genes, alleles, chromosomes, and mutations. It explains genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia which result from mutations. 2. It describes Mendel's experiments with pea plants and his formulation of the laws of segregation and independent assortment. These laws explain inheritance patterns. 3. It discusses meiosis and how it produces genetic variation through independent assortment of chromosomes and crossing over. Meiosis also determines an organism's sex through sex chromosomes.

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Genetics
What are the key components of chromosomes? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Key terms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
More Key Terms ,[object Object],[object Object]
Mutations ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Mutations
Mutations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Mutations: Base substitutions and sickle-cell anemia
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Mutations: base substitutions and sickle-cell anemia
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Mutations: base substitutions and sickle-cell anemia
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Mutations: base substitutions and sickle-cell anemia
 
Karyotyping ,[object Object],[object Object],-You should be able to look at a karyotype and determine the sex of the individual and if non-disjunction has occurred
Amniocentesis and karyotyping ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Amniocentesis
Karyotyping and Chorionic villus sampling ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
A Side by Side Comparison
Meiosis Key Terms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
More Meiosis Terms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Meiosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Meiosis (details) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],chiasmata Tetrad
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Meiosis (details)
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Meiosis (details)
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Meiosis (details)
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Crossing over of homologous chromosomes Chiasmata formed during a synapsis
Crossover Results A genotype HE B genotype He C genotype hE D genotype he Start A genotype HE B genotype HE C genotype he D genotype he Crossover B and C become recombinants A B C D H E h e A B C D H E h e A B C D H E h e
Meiosis and genetic variation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Meiosis and Non-disjunction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Karyotype of non-disjunction ,[object Object],Abnormal karyotype (aneuploidy) 2n + 1 = 47
Non-disjunction and Down’s syndrome ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Non-disjunction and Down’s syndrome ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Theoretical Genetics Key Terms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
More Vocabulary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mendel’s Monohybrid Crosses ,[object Object],[object Object],Wrinkled and round peas (round peas are dominant)
Gregor Mendel’s Findings Dwarf Tall Length of stem 7. Terminal Axial Position of flowers 6. Yellow Green Color of unripe pods 5. Constricted Inflated Form of ripe pods 4. White Grey Color of seed coat 3. Green Yellow Color of seed albumen 2. Wrinkled Smooth Form of ripe seed 1. Recessive Expression Dominant Expression Trait
Mendel’s Monohybrid Crosses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mendel’s Monohybrid Crosses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mendel’s Monohybrid Crosses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],tt Tt t Tt TT T t T
Multiple alleles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],ii O I A I B AB I B I B or I B i B I A I A or I A i A Genotypes Phenotypes
Multiple alleles ,[object Object],ii O I A I B AB I B I B or I B i B I A I A or I A i A Genotypes Phenotypes
[object Object],[object Object],Multiple alleles None of the children can have the same blood type as either of the parents. I B i I B i I B I A i I A i I A i i
Codominance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],ii O I A I B AB I B I B or I B i B I A I A or I A i A Genotypes Phenotypes
Sex chromosomes and gender ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The sex of all babies is determined by the chromosomes in the sperm from the man. XY XY Y XX XX X X X
Sex linkage ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sex linkage ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],X h Y X H Y Y X H X h X H X H X H X h X H
Predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of monohybrid crosses for each of the following. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mendel’s Law of Segregation ,[object Object],[object Object]
Mendel’s Law of Segregation and Meiosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Independent assortment and meiosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Possible chromosome alignments ,[object Object]
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dihybrid crosses Parent genotypes: SsYy x SsYy -S=smooth s=wrinkled -Y=Yellow y=green Possible allele combos from one parent ssyy ssYy Ssyy SsYy sy ssYy ssYY SsYy SsYY sY Ssyy SsYy SSyy SSYy Sy SsYy SsYY SSYy SSYY SY sy sY Sy SY
Possible ratios for SsYy x SsYy F1 Genotypic ratios 1:SSYY 2:SSYy 1:SSyy 2:SsYY 4:SsYy 2:Ssyy 1:ssYY 2:ssYy 1:ssyy F1 Phenotypic ratios 9: smooth-yellow 3:smooth-green 3: wrinkled-yellow 1: wrinkled-green ssyy ssYy Ssyy SsYy sy ssYy ssYY SsYy SsYY sY Ssyy SsYy SSyy SSYy Sy SsYy SsYY SSYy SSYY SY sy sY Sy SY
Perform a test cross for P: SSYY x ssyy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],All F1 generation offspring are heterozygous (SsYy). What will the outcome be if you cross two individuals from F2? SsYy SsYy SsYy SsYy Sy SsYy SsYy SsYy SsYy Sy SsYy SsYy SsYy SsYy sy SsYy SsYy SsYy SsYy sy SY SY SY SY
Autosomal Gene Linkage ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Autosomal Gene Linkage ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Autosomal Gene Linkage ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],F1 generation *all PpLl pl pl pl pl PL PL PL PL
Autosomal Gene Linkage ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],F2 generation See p. 87 in your review guide. pL pL Pl PL pL pL Pl PL
Gene linkage and Drosophila ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Gene linkage in Drosophila
Recombinants and gene linkage ,[object Object],[object Object]
Poly genic Inheritance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Polygenic Inheritance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Polygenic inheritance (Other traits) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Polygenic Inheritance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
P: A P A P B P B P x A W A W B W B W F1: A P A W B P B W A W B W A W B W A W B W A W B W A P B P A P B P A P B P A P B P
F1: A P A W B P B W x A P A W B P B W F2: See Punnett square (fill it in) Determine which ones are white, purple and intermediates.) A W B W A W B P A P B W A P B P A W B W A W B P A P B W A P B P
Polygenic inheritance and variation patterns ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pedigree Charts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
PCR ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
How a PCR works ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
How PCR works ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Gel electrophoresis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Gel electrophoresis and DNA profiling ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
Application of DNA profiling ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Genetic screening ,[object Object]
Genetic Screening ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Genetic Screening ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Human Genome Project ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Advantages of the Human Genome Project ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Genetic Modification ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Genetic Modification ,[object Object],[object Object]
Technique for gene transfer Example-insulin production ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Technique for gene transfer Example-insulin production ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Technique for gene transfer Example-insulin production ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Other examples of genetic modification ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Benefits of genetic modification ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Negative aspects of genetic modification ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Gene therapy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cloning ,[object Object]
How Dolly was made ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ethical issues of cloning in humans ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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IB Biology Genetics

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  • 17. A Side by Side Comparison
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  • 26. Crossover Results A genotype HE B genotype He C genotype hE D genotype he Start A genotype HE B genotype HE C genotype he D genotype he Crossover B and C become recombinants A B C D H E h e A B C D H E h e A B C D H E h e
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  • 35. Gregor Mendel’s Findings Dwarf Tall Length of stem 7. Terminal Axial Position of flowers 6. Yellow Green Color of unripe pods 5. Constricted Inflated Form of ripe pods 4. White Grey Color of seed coat 3. Green Yellow Color of seed albumen 2. Wrinkled Smooth Form of ripe seed 1. Recessive Expression Dominant Expression Trait
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  • 53. Dihybrid crosses Parent genotypes: SsYy x SsYy -S=smooth s=wrinkled -Y=Yellow y=green Possible allele combos from one parent ssyy ssYy Ssyy SsYy sy ssYy ssYY SsYy SsYY sY Ssyy SsYy SSyy SSYy Sy SsYy SsYY SSYy SSYY SY sy sY Sy SY
  • 54. Possible ratios for SsYy x SsYy F1 Genotypic ratios 1:SSYY 2:SSYy 1:SSyy 2:SsYY 4:SsYy 2:Ssyy 1:ssYY 2:ssYy 1:ssyy F1 Phenotypic ratios 9: smooth-yellow 3:smooth-green 3: wrinkled-yellow 1: wrinkled-green ssyy ssYy Ssyy SsYy sy ssYy ssYY SsYy SsYY sY Ssyy SsYy SSyy SSYy Sy SsYy SsYY SSYy SSYY SY sy sY Sy SY
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  • 62. Gene linkage in Drosophila
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  • 68. P: A P A P B P B P x A W A W B W B W F1: A P A W B P B W A W B W A W B W A W B W A W B W A P B P A P B P A P B P A P B P
  • 69. F1: A P A W B P B W x A P A W B P B W F2: See Punnett square (fill it in) Determine which ones are white, purple and intermediates.) A W B W A W B P A P B W A P B P A W B W A W B P A P B W A P B P
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