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1. ‫هللا‬ ‫سبحان‬
‫الرحيم‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫بسم‬
‫و‬‫به‬‫نستعين‬

2. General Anatomy
Anatomy Group
Department of Clinical Anatomy
2020

3. Anatomy Core
1st term 2020
General Anatomy
6 lectures
Upper Limb
7 lectures
Lower Limb
7 lectures
Thorax & Abdomen
3 lectures
Head & Neck
12 lectures

4. General Anatomy
Practical Sessions

7. In this Course your performance will be assessed according
to the following:

8. Anatomy is the subject that deals with the study
of the structure of the body and the relationship
between its different parts by means of dissection
(ana = through, tome = to cut).

9. Gross Anatomy
 Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy) is the study of
structures visible to the unaided eye.
– Surface anatomy: the general form, or morphology, and superficial
anatomical markings.
– Regional anatomy: all structures in a specific area of the body, whether
they are superficial or deep.
– Systemic anatomy: the study of anatomy one organ system at a time.
Developmental anatomy: structural changes over time.
Embryology: first two months of development.
Comparative anatomy: considers different types of animals.
Clinical anatomy: pathological changes during illness.
Radiographic anatomy: anatomical structures as they are visualized
by noninvasive imaging procedures.
Surgical anatomy: anatomical landmarks important to surgical
procedures.
Superficial Anatomy: study of anatomical landmarks for correct
understanding of underlying structures. structures.

10. Anatomical position
It is the position assumed when the
body is standing (erect position) with
the arms by the sides, the face and
palms facing forwards and the feet
are parallel.
In order to avoid confusion when
describing the body, it is always
described in the anatomical position.
The anatomical position allows us to
describe the position of structures in
relation to their surroundings, e.g. ‘the
heart lies above the diaphragm’. The
anatomical position avoids confusion as
to whether the body is lying down or
standing up.

11. Anatomical Position (AP)
 AP is the reference position
used to describe the location
of anatomical parts and to
describe and explain human
movement.
 The subject is:
standing upright with feet flat
on the floor.
arms at the side of the body
facing the observer.
palms are facing forward
(supinated).

12. Terms of anatomical planes
Median sagittal plane: is a vertical
plane that divides the body into right and
left halves.
Paramedian sagittal plane: is a plane
parallel to the above one. It divides the
body into unequal right and left parts.
Coronal plane: is a vertical plane that
lies at right angle to the sagittal plane. It
divides the body into anterior and
posterior parts.
Horizontal (transverse) plane: is a
plane that divides the body into upper
and lower parts. It is at right angle to
both sagittal and coronal planes.
Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or
sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures.
Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the
body from different views.

14. Anatomical Axes
 An axis is the point about which rotation of a body or of a body
segment occurs.
 There are three axes of rotation. Each axis is associated with a
plane of motion and the axis is perpendicular to that plane.
 Horizontal axis
passes through the body from side to side.
perpendicular to the sagittal plane.
 Antereoposterior axis
passes through the body from front to back.
perpendicular to the frontal plane.
 Longitudinal axis
passes through the body from top to bottom.
perpendicular to the transverse plane.

16. Terms of anatomical lines
Anterior and posterior
midlines: lie at meeting of
the anterior and posterior
surfaces of body with median
sagittal plane.
Paramedian lines: lie
parallel to the midlines.
Mid-clavicular line: runs
vertically downwards from
the mid point of the clavicle.
Mid-axillary line: runs
vertically downwards from
the mid point of the axilla.

17. Terms of positions

18. Terms of
positions

19. Terms of positions

20. Terms of
positions

21. Terms of movements

23. Flexion
Bending a joint or decreasing the angle
between two bones.
Extension
Straightening a joint or increasing the angle
between two bones
– In the Anatomical Position we are extending
our joints.
Hyperextension
Excessive extension of the parts at a joint
beyond anatomical position.
Movements

24. Movements
Adduction
Moving a body part towards the midline of the
body.
Abduction
Moving a body part away from the midline of the
body
Pronation
Turning the arm or foot downward
(palm or sole of the foot - down) Prone
Supination 
Turning the arm or foot upward
(palm or sole of the foot - up)  Supine

25. Movements
Retraction
Moving a part backward
Protraction
Moving a part forward
Elevation
Raising a part
Depression
Lowering a part

26. Movements
Rotation
Turning on a single axis
Circumduction
Tri-planar, circular motion
at the hip or shoulder
Internal rotation
Rotation of the hip or
shoulder toward the
midline
External rotation
Rotation of the hip or
shoulder away from the
midline

27. Movements
Lateral Flexion
Side-bending left or
right

28. Movements of the Foot
Inversion
Turning the sole of the foot
inward
Eversion
Turning the sole of the foot
outward
Dorsiflexion
Ankle movement bringing the
foot towards the shin
Plantarflexion
Ankle movement pointing the
foot downward

29. Movements of the Wrist &
Thumb
Radial Deviation
 Movement of the wrist
towards the radius or lateral
side.
Ulnar Deviation
 Movement of the wrist
towards the ulna or medial
side.
Opposition
 Movement of the thumb
across the palm of the hand.