Motivation refers to an internal state or condition that activates behavior and gives it direction. Emotion is a state involving pattern of facial and bodily changes, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action. Emotions are positive or negative feelings generally in reaction to stimuli that are accompanied by physical, psychological arousal and related behavior. Emotions give life its feeling and meaning. They enrich life. Without emotions, things would be quite a routine and dull.

1. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

2. Motivation refers to an internal state or condition that
activates behavior and gives it direction.
Two components of motive: Need and Drive
 Needs are based on some deficit
within the person.
The deficit may be
physiological or psychological. In
either case, the deficit must lie
within the person.
 Drives are based on needs and
have the added feature of an
observable change in behavior.
The person is not
considered to be in a drive state
until the need has goaded the
person into action.

3. Motives have three important functions in behavior:
1. Motives have an energizing
function.
The motivated person is
active and his activity is
maintained at relatively high
levels until relevant goals or
reward is attained. Goal refers
to a substance, or object
capable of satisfying a need. A
person who is interested to
receive an award is likely to
work hard for it until he
achieves his goal.
2. Motives have a directing
function.
They determine from
many possible behaviors
or responses which are likely to
be the most appropriate. This
directs a person to organize his
ideas around whatever goal is
important to him at the
moment.
3. Motives have a selecting
function.
Reinforcement,
consequences, and feedback
determine which of a number
of responses will be selected.

4. Theories of Motivation
1. Instinct Theory
People act the way they do because of their instincts. An instinct is an
innate or generally predetermined disposition to behave in a particular
way when confronted with certain stimuli.
2. Drive Theory
This states that the potential level of any response is a joint function
of the response habit, strength, and the person’s level of drive. High drive
facilitates performance on simple or over-learned tasks but hampers
performance on complex or novel ones.
3. Arousal Theory
Arousal theory, which arouse partly as an alternative to drive theory,
stipulates that a moderate level of stimulation is reinforcing. An increase
in the level of tensions or excitement is referred to as arousal. This theory
proposes that moderate level of stimulation is the most pleasant and that
both higher and lower levels are relatively aversive.

5. 4. Solomon’s Opponent Process Theory
Richard Solomon provides intriguing answer to some questions with
his opponent process theory of motivation. He explains that a state of
positive feeling is followed by a contrasting negative feeling, and vice
versa; and any feeling, either positive or negative, that is experienced in
succession loses some of its intensity.
People who are involved in activities like karate fighting or
parachute jumping may experienced a negative feeling such as fear or
state of shock in his first attempt which is soon followed by a contrasting
positive state of euphoria.
5. Incentive Theory
External goals motivate organisms to perform certain actions. The
external stimuli in the environment that “pull” the organisms in certain
directions are called incentives. The basic assumption of incentive theory
is that if a desirable goal can be anticipated following the completion of a
particular action, the organism is motivated to perform that action.

6. Classification of Motives
I. Primary Motives: Biological Needs
Primary motives are those directly related to the normal body
functions such as need for air, food, water, excretion of waste, rest and
sleep, protection from heat and cold, avoidance of pain and so on.
II. Hunger: The Regulation of Food Intake
Hunger is believed to be caused by rhythmic contractions of the empty
stomach. The strength of hunger drive can be measured by discovering
how much resistance a human or animal will endure to overcome it.
III. Thirst: The Regulation of Water Intake
Like hunger, the drink system and a stop drink system key
mechanisms are regulated in the hypothalamus. The control centers for
thirst occupy much of the same space as the centers for hunger but they
operate separately by using different neurotransmitter substances.
The hypothalamus uses three principal cues in regulating drinking:
mouth dryness, loss of water by cell, and reduction in blood volume.

7. IV. Sexual Motivation
Humans and animals that depend on sexual reproduction would
soon be extinct without a sexual motive. While hunger, thirst, and other
primary motives are necessary for the survival of the individual, sexual
motivation- a primary motive- is essential to the survival of the species.
V. Drive Reduction
Drive compels us to act in a way that reduces the biological need and
restores homeostasis. Thus, the drive directly activates and directs our
behavior.
The concept of drive reduction holds the view that motives are based
on the body’s need to restore homeostasis when its biological needs are
unmet. The concept successfully explains motives such as hunger and
thirst. An imbalance in our body tissues is clearly reduced when we
drink or eat.

8. VI. Psychological Motives
This motives are not directly related to the biological survival of the
individual. They are needs in the sense that individual’s happiness and well-
being depend on these motives.
 Stimulus Motivation
Most people get bored easily if there is little overall stimulation
or if the stimulation is unchanging. People and other animals have an
apparently inborn motive to seek stimulation.
 Functional Autonomy
Proposed by Gordon Allport, his theory tells us the many
human motives that arise when a means to an end becomes an end in itself.
 Affiliation Motivation
Individuals who are high in the need for affiliation tend to
prefer being with others rather than satisfying other motives.
 Achievement Motivation
The psychological need for success in school, sports,
occupation, and other competitive situations.

9. Emotions
Emotion is a state
involving pattern of facial and
bodily changes, cognitive
appraisals, subjective
feelings, and tendencies
toward action.
Emotions are positive or
negative feelings generally in
reaction to stimuli that are
accompanied by physical,
psychological arousal and related
behavior.
Emotions give life its feeling
and meaning. They enrich life.
Without emotions, things would be
quite a routine and dull.
Emotion cannot be observed or
measured directly. An emotion is
inferred from observable phenomena
of three types:
reports of experiences
expressive motor behavior
physiological activity.
 Emotional experience is described in
terms of adjectives that people use to
describe how they feel: e.g. “I am
happy”, “I feel frustrated”.
 Motor behavior is manifested by
enlargement of muscles, stiffening
when frightened.

10. Some emotions are very common. Some psychologists would identify
three basic emotions: love, fear, anger.
On the other hand, Izard (1972), thinks ther are 9 basic emotions:
interest distress contempt
joy anger shame
surprise disgust fear
All other emotions are thought to be combinations of these basic ones. For
example, anxiety is a mixture of fear with two or more other basic
emotions like distress, anger, shame, or guilt.
Plutchik (1984) identified 8 basic emotions: fear, anger, joy,
sadness, acceptance, disgust, anticipation, and surprise. These
emotions are connected with each other. For example, the emotion of fear
is connected with the behavior pattern of protection and of destruction.
He believes that all other emotions are variations of the basic ones
along a dimension of intensity.

11. 1. James-Lange Theory
William James believed that the emotional stimulus is routed (by the thalamus)
directly to the hypothalamus, which produces the bodily reaction (fear or other
emotion). According to him, we cry because we feel sorry, strike because we are angry,
tremble because we are afraid. Carl Lange, Danish psychologist, proposed the same
theory known today as the James-Lange theory of emotion. This theory proposes that
conscious emotional experiences are caused by the feedback to the cerebral cortex
from physiological reactions and behavior.
2. Cannon-Bard Theory
This theory, by Walter Cannon and Philip Bard, states that the conscious
emotional experiences and physiological reaction and behavior are relatively
independent events. Cannon believes that the information from the emotional
stimulus goes first to the brain relay center called thalamus.
3. Cognitive Theory
According to this theory, there are 2 steps in the process of cognitive
interpretation in emotions:
1. the interpretation of stimuli from the environment and
2. the interpretation of stimuli from the body resulting
from autonomic arousal.
Theories of Emotion

12. Principles of Emotion
1. Emotional needs express themselves one way or another.
2. Anger is an expression of need.
3. Our feelings and needs are not wrong or bad.
4. Emotions are the gateway to vitality and feeling alive.
5. We can address emotional issues and still save our true face.
6. Immediate reactions to problem often disguise deeper feelings.
a. Running away
b. Getting angry
c. Denying importance
d. Addressing the situation
7. We must clarify individual needs before solving problem with others.
8. We need to express positive feelings and communicate negative ones.

13.  Anxiety
Anxiety is a general feeling of insecurity, of fear, usually
associated with certain kind of situation either real or imaginary. It can
also be a simple feeling of apprehension that we feel before taking an
examination.
Sometimes when anxiety becomes very strong, it may
prevent us from performing normal routine activities to the extent of
interfering with our performance of tasks.
Anxiety is an inescapable part of everyday life. Learning to
cope with anxiety is a necessary part of growing up. The more we are in
panic-anxiety, the less mature and the more neurotic our behavior
becomes. Often, it helps to discuss our emotion with someone else. It may
provide ways to reduce our anxiety.

14. Ways to Control Undesirable Emotions
1. Avoid situations which arouse undesirable emotions.
2. Develop the habit of passing over provoking situations.
3. Get more information or knowledge about things which make you afraid,
or which make you worry.
4. Practice, as often as possible, the policy of holding back to an
undesirable emotional impulse, such as anger.
5. Acquire understanding and skill in meeting life’s situations and
problems. Keep yourself busy in your education and training because it
will help you reduce the number of situations which make you
unnecessarily emotional.
6. Study and practice the art of getting along with people.
7. Form friendships and associate with groups of people. Enjoy happy
moments and laugh. Laughter has a relaxing effect and it aids in
reducing tensions. But remember, there is a definite place and time for
laughter in everyday life.

15. Emotions and Health Emotional Intelligence
Research demonstrates the
importance of mental and emotional health.
Some emotions hurt our health, others
strengthen us. Poor health is associated
with stress. On the average, people who
have gone through stressful events get sick
more often.
Thoughts can cause physical
abnormalities such as ulcers, indigestions,
nervousness, and high blood pressure.
Thoughts can also depress the immune
system which leads to wide variety of
diseases. Experiencing poor health depends
on each person’s heredity, environment, diet,
and behavior.
Negative emotions can weaken the
body’s resistance. People who are in love have
more responsive immune systems. Positive
attitude, fighting spirit, hope, and strong
desire to live help cancer patients to survive
and recover.
This describes qualities like
understanding one’s own feelings, empathy
for the feelings of others, and the regulation
of emotion in a way that enhances living.
It was Daniel Goleman who brought
together a decade of behavioral
research into how the mind processes
feelings. He was responsible for
introducing EQ, a term referring to
emotional intelligence.
Emotional intelligence (EQ) is not the
opposite of intelligence quotient (IQ).
According to Goleman, some people are
blessed with a lot of both, some with little of
either.