1) In the 19th century, the Americas experienced significant migration and cultural changes as people moved west seeking opportunities like gold mining in California. 2) Many countries in the Americas gained independence during this time, while the United States expanded westward and grew increasingly powerful and diverse. 3) The Little Ice Age impacted global temperatures and influenced events like the end of Viking exploration and migration patterns to the Americas. 4) The Louisiana Purchase expanded U.S. territory dramatically, while the northern and southern frontiers saw violence as political and social changes took place. 5) The U.S. Civil War was a turning point that ultimately led to the end of slavery and strengthened the federal government's power over

1. How the Americas Change: The Long 19 th Century By: Josh Kessner History 141 Professor Arguello