Basic of Thyroid gland for B.Pharm student

1. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
(Pancreas)
Mr N.JEGAN
Associate Professor
K.M.COLLEGE OF PHARMACY.
MADURAI.

2. Pancreas- Location
Location:
In abdominal cavity behind stomach
and below Liver.

3. Pancreas- Structure
 Colour - Pale grey gland , Weight - 60
grams.
 It consists of a broad head, a body and a
narrow tail
 Head lies in the curve of the duodenum(Small
intestine).
 Body behind the stomach.
 Tail lies in front of the left kidney.

4. Pancreas-Structure
 It Consists of two major types of secretary
tissues which reflects its dual function
◦ Exocrine function of Pancreas
 Secretes digestive juice to small intestine
for Digestion.
◦ Endocrine gland function of Pancreas
 It releases hormones from islet cells
(islets of Langerhans) in pancreas.

5. Pancreas- Internal Structure(Endocrine gland)
 The cells which make up the pancreatic islets
(islets of Langerhans) are found in group of
cell irregularly distributed throughout the
pancreas.

6. Pancreas- Islets of Langerhans
Three types of cells
in the pancreatic
islets:
α (alpha) cell
β (beta) cell
δ (delta) cell

7. The islets of Langerhans-
Hormones
 It secrete three hormones from the cells of
islets of langerhans.
 α (alpha) cell - Glucagon
 β (beta) cell - Insulin
 δ (delta) cell - Somatostatin

8. Hormones-Functions
Glucagon
It increase the blood sugar by
-Stimulate Breakdown of glycogen to glucose
(Glycogen is the storage form of Glucose in
liver) called Glycogenolysis.
- Stimulate the formation of glucose from
Amino acids and Glycerol (Gluconeogensis)

9. Glucagon

10. Hormones-Functions
Insulin
It lower the Blood sugar level by
 Stimulating uptake and use of
glucose by muscle and connective
tissue cells.
 Increasing conversion of glucose to
glycogen in Liver.
 promoting synthesis of fatty acids

11. Insulin

12. Islets of Langerhans- Maintanence of blood
sugar

13. Hormones-Functions
Somatostatin
It control the secretion of
glucagon and insulin

14. DISORDERS OF THE PANCREATIC
ISLETS
Diabetes mellitus
This is due to deficiency or
absence of insulin.
 Two types of Diabetes mellitus
1. Type I, insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus (IDDM).
2. Type II, non-insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).

15. Type I-Diabetes mellitus
 This occurs mainly in children and young
adults.
 The deficiency or absence of insulin is
due to the destruction of beta-islet cells.
 Increase the blood sugar level
 The causes are unknown but mostly
genetically.

16. Type II-Diabetes mellitus
 This is the most common form of diabetes,
occur 90% diabetic cases.
 Insulin secretion below the normal
 Increase the blood sugar level
Symptoms:
 Frequent urination, Unusual thirst
 Extreme hunger , Unusual weight loss
 Blurred vision
 Cuts that are slow to heal
 Tingling/numbness in the hands/feet

17. Diabetes mellitus

18. THANKING YOU