PRT 406 Risk Management Plan

COMMUNITY PARK
RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN
Mary George Finch
Darrell Davis
Jeff Gonza
PRT 406 – Dr. Kanters
11/30/10

Risk Management Plan
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Table of Contents
Agency Description and Analysis ............................................................... 3-4
Risks and Liabilities................................................................................... 5-13
Risk Management Plan............................................................................ 14-26
Appendix.................................................................................................. 27-41
References................................................................................................ 42-43

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STEP 1 – Agency Description; Programs and Services
Agency Description
The park includes walking trails, picnic shelters, a baseball field, and a playground.
Within these areas there are several services provided. Walking trails may be used for
exercise such as walking, running, or hiking, as well as to observe nature or even take
photos. Picnic shelters are often used as a resting place for parents to watch their children
play. They are also used more organizationally for birthday parties and other group
events, as well as for a casual afternoon picnic. Our baseball facility, Darrell Davis
Municipal Stadium, is primarily used for recreational “pick-up” baseball, but is also
periodically used for community baseball leagues or high school baseball team practices
and games. Lastly, a community park playground is most often used as a place for
parents to bring their children to play. However, they are also often used as a sight for
birthday parties and other group events involving young children.
The attached baseball complex is made up of three baseball fields, as well as
batting cages for all different ages. There is a plethora of tedious duties required to
maintain a community complex range, such as that of the owner/manager to ensure a safe
recreational surrounding for the community being served. This stadium complex caters to
all age groups, but will not participate in housing little leagues.
DDMS is powered toward generating safe and enjoyable facilities for amateur
baseball players of all ages. This facility spans 15 acres and houses three separate fields
with bleachers, three batting cages, dugouts, restrooms, manual scoreboards, an infield
tarp, and grass infield. The fields are divided into the three levels of competition
 Little league accessible – 200 ft. centerfield 190 ft. through right/left fields
 Major League field – 375 ft. centerfield 360ft. through right/left fields
 Interscholastic fields – 330 ft. centerfield 300 ft. through right/left fields
The general dimensions for the different levels of competition are based on the basic
rules and regulations of the High School Athletic Associations, NCAA, and Little League
Baseball. All three fields will have these features regardless of level of competition.
Listed below are the features of each field:
* Specific to any one field
- 25 foot. Fence behind backstop
- Aluminum Bleachers
We believe in being positive facilitators of the game of baseball for the general public.
We strive to provide a safe and secure atmosphere for ALL those participating in
activities within our facility. We provide an arena for optimal performance in the sport of
baseball. We have fields to play on, stands to watch them from, and batting cages to
practice on and improve your skills.
In addition to the above-mentioned features, the park has a playground that is suitable
for kids of all ages. Parents can also appreciate the fact that there are plenty of picnic
areas nearby from which they can watch their children play. Some visitors throw

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birthday parties as well as other events at the playground so their kids can play and adults
can socialize under the shade.
The playground has different areas with different elements that are suitable for the
appropriate age groups. These areas are separated as to ensure the safety of younger
children that may be playing. It is important to remember that supervision is the only
way to keep kids completely safe. This is particularly important with younger children.
It is our responsibility to remove any and all hazards but it is impossible to completely
remove every risk associated with playing on a playground. The Playground is set up to
be appropriate for:
 Toddlers (6-23 months old)
 Pre-School (2-5 years old)
 Grade School (5-12 years old)
We recognize the significant opportunities playground offer children in their growth
and development. Playgrounds offer kids chances to interact with children and test their
capabilities as they conquer each element of the playground. We offer a vast array of
playground equipment and different elements that kids can enjoy while offering them the
safest experience possible.
(Figure 1: Playground toys at Banburry Park – Raleigh, NC)
The park also has a number of trails and picnic shelters that people can use. There
are a number of different paths and trails to choose from to suit your personal fitness
needs and the scenery makes for an enjoyable run. Paths and trails when completed in
their entirety can range from 1-5 miles depending on the route you take. There are also
approximately 12 picnic shelters throughout the park where people can stop to rest, catch
some shade, or hold social gatherings with friends and family. There are grills available
for use as well as plenty of picnic tables for seating.

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STEP 2 – Risks and Liabilities
Walking Trails
Walking trails in a community park host a variety of potential risks and liabilities for
the park owners. Below are detailed evaluations of these potential risks and issues.
Trail surfaces, railings and bridges
Park visitors run the risk of tripping over exposed roots or uneven ground surfaces,
leading to potentially harmful accidents and injury. Similarly railings with sharp edges
can lead to injury. On the same token, a lack of railings in crucial places such as over
bridges or by drop-offs, can lead to serious accident and injury (Wagner, 2007).
Location
Without many or any park staff members, it is difficult to keep watch over visitors on
walking trails. For this reason, any risk that can be prevented through the use of maps and
signs should be. Along these lines, visitors run the risk of becoming lost when there are
multiple walking trails without proper signage. Especially if a visitor is traveling alone,
he or she would have no way of seeking help. Additionally, if a visitor was injured on the
walking trails for any reason and could not find his or her way back to the parking lot, the
injury could become significantly more serious and could be the reason for a visitor’s
death.
Rules
Alcohol consumption is a community park is always a big risk and can easily lead to
accidents and injuries. Park rules should be established and made known to visitors to
help prevent any easily avoidable dangers. This includes the prohibition of alcohol as
well as rules regarding who may use the walking trails. If a park allows horseback riding
on its trails or use of All Terrain Vehicles or dirt bikes, this opens up a larger margin for
accidents and injuries. A walker or runner approaching a horse on the walking trails can
cause a confrontation and the horse could become frightened and dangerous to the
walker. On the same token, a walker is at great risk if he or she is sharing a trail with
motorized vehicles (Comeau, 2010). Rules must be established for proper trail etiquette
when it pertains to sharing trails among walkers, joggers, and horseback riders. The same
goes for bike riders. Collisions could be extremely dangerous between a bike rider and a
walker.
Hours
The use of a community park past nightfall presents a danger to visitors. The visitor
likely cannot see well and therefore poses a threat to him or herself. Any regular
dangerous activity that goes on late at night, which might occur on park grounds, would
leave the park liable. For this reason, park hours should be established and made known
to all visitors. In parks with visitor centers, the staff will be leaving when the park closes.
If a visitor is still on a walking trail after hours and becomes injured and in need of
assistance, there would be no one present at the park to help.

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Wildlife
Accident and injury may occur when visitors come in contact with dangerous or
poisonous animals or wildlife. Most visitors likely do not know how to identify
dangerous animals or wildlife and how to react when they have come into contact with
these dangers. This presents a large risk especially to those visitors who are alone.
Weather and Climate
In an outdoor park, visitors run the risk of exposing themselves to adverse weather
conditions. In the event that a storm should approach, visitors are at risk for being struck
by lightening, or being injured by extreme winds. Snow or ice and heavy rains also pose a
risk. These conditions can lead to slippery ground surfaces, flooding, and can also make
the ground invisible. Visitors are at greater risk when they do not know what type of
surface they are standing on.
(Figure 2: Bridge on walking trail at Lake Johnson Park – Raleigh, NC)
(Figure 3: Walking trail and map at Lake Johnson Park – Raleigh, NC)

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Baseball Area
In order to have an efficiently operated service, it is important to take into account
the risks and liabilities associated with the service. When providing a sporting service
where injuries are prevalent, safety becomes an issue. To ensure that the baseball area is
in compliance with safety requirements, we set high regulatory standards for us, as well
as the general public who use the facility. The 2nd
edition of Sport Law “A Managerial
Approach” outlines the many ways to minimize liability in chapter 2.
Risks and liabilities, as well as the procedures for handling such circumstances,
are detailed below.
(Figure 4: Baseball field and fence at Fred Fletcher Park – Raleigh, NC)
Potentially Hazardous Issues
 Bleacher safety
 Field Maintenance and rules
 Players or bystanders struck by stray ball or hit by pitch
 Damage caused stray bats and broken bats
Almost all of these hazards and many more can be eliminated ahead of time with good
risk management. With the exception of competition being held, the risks and liabilities
decrease considerably naturally. Even within competition, with the proper child
supervision a lot of risks can be prevented. Here is a little more on the risks and hazards
that are evident at our facilities.
Bleacher Safety
Bleacher safety is a big concern in regard to the safety of people that visit the park.
The Federal Safety Agency (FSA) has reported significant statistical evidence to prove
the risks that are involved with having bleachers at your facilities. The agency reported
19 deaths involving falls from bleachers from 1991 to 2003 and in 1999, there were

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22,100 bleacher-associated injuries requiring emergency room treatment. 4,910 falls that
involved children under the age of 15. The FSA has also reported that 28% of those
injuries were the result of falls from the bleachers onto a surface below and that serious
injuries typically result from falls between seats and floorboards and between guardrails.
While it doesn’t happen often, bleachers have collapsed completely due to structural
faults. Most all injuries are due to fall hazards.
Fall Hazards
 Missing or defective guardrails: on the sides, the back, or (if elevated) the front
 Large openings between components: typically between the seating and the
guardrails, or between seats and floorboards that are big enough for a child or
adult to pass through
 Excessive guardrail space: e.g., between the bottom rail and the mid-rail
 Unprotected spaces between guardrails: open areas neither fenced nor provided
with vertical rails
 Access steps to seating: missing or no handrails for support
 Structural collapse or tipping of the structure: failure to properly install or anchor
system
 Incomplete work: hazard areas not protected or secured between work shifts
Field Maintenance
It is important to keep up with the condition of the field to ensure the safety of those
playing on the fields. Fields receive normal wear and tear throughout the year and things
such as inclement weather can also have a significant effect on the condition of the
playing field. Fields that aren’t in suitable playing condition may put participants at risk
for potential injuries. The infield and outfield grass must be tended to as needed and
routine maintenance such as dragging or raking the infield is essential in the upkeep of
the field.
Foul Balls and other flying objects
Foul balls and other flying objects such as bats are always a concern for those in
charge of the park. While it is part of the game, it creates potential for injury if players or
spectators are struck by these dangerous, flying objects. The potential for serious injury,
especially head injuries, is possible at any baseball field. There are steps that can reduce
the risk but nothing can completely eliminate this risk.
Restroom Maintenance
An outside cleaning service will be hired to clean the baseball area restrooms every
other night after park hours in order to maintain a clean and healthy environment for
visitors. This includes making sure the restrooms present no risks such as wet floors due
to weather or leaks, broken doors, or malfunctioning locks.

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Picnic Shelters
Whether using a picnic shelter simply as a place to stop and rest or as a sight for a
birthday party or other large gathering, picnic shelters pose another variety of risks for
accident and injury.
Rain
Most picnic shelters include a hard cement floor and a wide roof covering the entire
area. In the instance that it should rain and the cement ground becomes wet and slick,
anyone using the shelter becomes at risk for slipping and injuring themselves or others.
Sturdiness
In the event that the picnic shelter should become old and begin to deteriorate, the
benches and roofing become unsafe to visitors. Visitors could injure themselves if any
piece of the shelter were to come lose and fall on someone. Or if a bench were to collapse
under a visitor, that visitor would likely injure him or herself.
Grill
Many community park picnic shelters are designed for groups of people to enjoy the
use of a grill in the outdoors. However, the presence of a grill poses a huge threat to those
who may not know how to use it, and especially to young children. If a young child is not
under careful watch, he or she could easily burn his or herself on the grill and become
significantly injured. Adults may also become injured when using open flame and gas
lighters.
Rules
As with the walking trails and any other park feature, the picnic shelters can pose a
new set of risks and threats if visitors do not understand and abide by park rules. Alcohol
and firearms can create an extremely risky and dangerous atmosphere is they are present
in a community park.
Reservations
Depending on the size of the park, if a party were to occur in a picnic shelter without
the knowledge of park staff, those visitors involved could put themselves at serious risk.
Lack of knowledge of a party’s whereabouts may cause a miscommunication. If injury
were to occur in the park picnic shelter without staff members being aware of the party’s
presence, staff may not be able to help the visitors get to safety.
Hours
As with the waking trails, visitors who are in park picnic shelters after hours put
themselves at risk for higher accident or injury. Dangerous people wandering out at night
could potentially pose a threat to park visitors after hours.

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(Figure 5: Picnic shelter at Lake Johnson Park – Raleigh, NC)
Playgrounds
There is a significant difference between a risk and a hazard. A risk is something
participants are willing to take and implies the voluntary taking of a chance. If a four-
year-old looks down our eight-foot slide and decides it is worth the risk and goes for it, it
is his choice to try the slide. It is our responsibility to make certain the experience is as
free of hazards as possible.
A playground hazard is something that is hidden, an unforeseen or unexpected danger
to the unsuspecting. Hazards are dangerous and can potentially cause bodily injury.
Hazards are our responsibility and we take every step to make sure we are aware of all
potential hazards and take the proper steps to eliminate them. Children, in their
enthusiasm to play, cannot be expected to recognize hazards, so we take pride and
responsibility in making sure there are none.
Playground injuries are a legitimate concern as the U. S. Consumer Product Safety
Commission reports over 200,000 estimated emergency room-treated injuries annually.
The most recent study of 2,691 playground equipment-related incidents reported to the
CPSC from 2001-2008 indicated that falls are the most common hazard pattern (44% of
injuries) followed by equipment-related hazards, such as breakage, tip over, design, and
assembly (23%). Other hazard patterns involved entrapment and colliding other children
or stationary equipment. Playground-related deaths reported to the Commission involved
entanglement of ropes, leashes, or clothing; falls; and impact from equipment tip over or
structural failure.

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(Figure 6: Playground at Banburry Park – Raleigh, NC)
Hazards that must be addressed include:
 The potential for falls from and impact with equipment
 The need for impact attenuating protective surfacing under and around equipment
 Openings with the potential for head entrapment
 The scale of equipment and other design features related to user age and layout of
equipment on a playground
 Installation and maintenance procedures
 General hazards presented by protrusions, sharp edges, and crush or shear points
Improper Protective Surfacing
The surface or ground under/around the playground equipment should be soft enough
to cushion a fall. A fall onto one of these hard surfaces could be life threatening and there
are many surfaces that offer protection from falls.
Inadequate Use Zone
A use zone is the area under and around playground equipment where a child might
fall. A use zone should be covered with protective surfacing material and extend a
minimum of six feet in all directions from the edge of stationary play equipment, such as
climbers and chin-up bars.
Protrusion & Entanglement Hazards
A protrusion hazard is a component or piece of hardware that is capable of impaling or
cutting a child, if a child should fall against the hazard. Some protrusions are also capable
of catching strings or items of clothing worn around a child’s neck. This type of
entanglement is especially hazardous because it might result in strangulation.

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Entrapment in Openings
Enclosed openings on playground equipment must be checked for head entrapment
hazards. Children often enter openings feet first and attempt to slide through the opening.
If the opening is not large enough, it may allow the body to pass through the opening but
entrap the head. Generally, there should be no openings on playground equipment that
measure between 3.5 to 9 inches. Where the lower boundary of the opening is formed by
the protective surfacing, the opening is not considered to be hazardous.
Insufficient Equipment Spacing
Improper spacing between pieces of play equipment can cause overcrowding of a play
area, resulting in unsafe play conditions. Each item of play equipment has a use zone
around it where protective surfacing material is applied. These use zones may overlap for
certain types of equipment.
Trip Hazards
Trip hazards are created by play structure components or items on the playground.
Common trip hazards often found in play environments include:
• Exposed concrete footings
• Abrupt changes in surface elevations
• Tree roots
• Tree stumps
• Rocks
Lack of Supervision
The supervision of a playground environment directly relates to the overall safety of the
environment. A play area should be designed so that it is easy for a parent or caregiver to
observe the children at play. Young children are constantly challenging their own
abilities, often not being able to recognize potential hazards. Parents must supervise
their children at all times on the playground!
Age-Inappropriate Activities
Children’s developmental needs vary greatly from age two to age 12. In an effort to
provide a challenging and safe play environment for all ages, it is important to make sure
that the equipment in the playground setting is appropriate for the age of the intended
user. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission does not recommend the following
for preschool users – free-standing arch climbers, free-standing flexible climbers, chain
and cable walks, fulcrum seesaws, log rolls, track rides or vertical sliding poles.
Lack of Maintenance
In order for playgrounds to remain in “safe” condition, a program of systematic,
preventative maintenance must be present:
• There should be no missing, broken or worn-out components
• All hardware should be secure
• The wood, metal or plastic should not show signs of fatigue or deterioration
• All parts should be stable with no apparent signs of loosening
• Surfacing material must be maintained

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• Check for signs of vandalism
Crush, Shearing and Sharp Edge Hazards
Components in the play environment should be inspected to make sure there are no sharp
edges or points that could penetrate skin. Moving components such as suspension
bridges, track rides, merry-go-rounds, seesaws and swings should be checked to ensure
there are no moving parts or mechanisms that might crush a child’s finger.
Platforms with No Guardrails
Elevated surfaces such as platforms, ramps, and bridges should have guardrails or
barriers to help prevent accidental falls.
Preschool age children are more at risk for falls; therefore equipment intended for this
age
group should have:
• Guardrails on elevated platforms higher than 20 inches
• Protective barriers on platforms higher than 30 inches
Equipment intended for school-age children should have:
• Guardrails on elevated platforms higher than 30 inches
• Protective barriers on platforms above 48 inches
Equipment Not Recommended for Public Playgrounds
The Consumer Product Safety Commission recommends that many types of
equipment not be used on public playgrounds.

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STEP 3 – Risk Management
Risk Management is defined as, “the function of process by which [an organization]
identifies and manages the risks of liability that rise from its activities” (Sharp, Moorman,
& Claussen, 2010). However, risk management does not always cover every potential
risk. Instead, we use preventive law, which covers a broader range of all risks that could
negatively affect the park’s financial standing.
We have stated all potential risks identified as possibly occurring in a community
park, assessed these risks, and evaluated these risks. Here we will detail the preventive
law plan, or the steps to be taken in the event that one of the stated risks should occur. In
preventive law, there are four possible strategies to undertake with risks: risk elimination,
risk retention, risk transfer, and risk control (Sharp, Moorman, & Claussen, 2010).
1. Risk Elimination: This is not a preferred strategy, and is used only when the risk
is significantly greater than the benefits of carrying out the activity or operation in
the organization (Sharp, Moorman, & Claussen, 2010).
2. Risk Retention: This strategy involves the organization carrying all financial
consequences of an activity (Sharp, Moorman, & Claussen, 2010).
3. Risk Transfer: In this strategy, the potential financial loss is transferred to
another entity. This is most often seen when an organization is insured, shifting
the financial obligations to the insurance company. We also use this method when
participants are asked to sign a waiver agreeing not to sue the organization in the
instance of negligence (Sharp, Moorman, & Claussen, 2010).
4. Risk Control: This is the only preventive law strategy that actually deals with
reducing potential risks. Rather than coming up with strategies to deal with the
financial loses associated with a risk, this method seeks to reduce all risks,
especially those that occur because of poor management (Sharp, Moorman, &
Claussen, 2000).
Our preventive law plan involves steps associated with one or all of these four
strategies. We will further implement this preventive law plan through our policies and
procedures, contracts, training programs, and evaluation procedures (Sharp, Moorman, &
Claussen, 2010).
Walking Trails
Trail surfaces, railings and bridges
In order to prevent park visitors from injuring themselves on uneven surfaces on
walking trails, protocol includes spraying severe roots with neon colored paint as well as

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posting various signs warning visitors of the risk of tripping. As part of our park
maintenance checklist, staff will be required to walk the trails periodically to check for
roots and other trip hazards that need to be highlighted or removed. Trees and bushes
must periodically be pruned to prevent easy injury by extending into the trails (Wagner,
2007). Especially after heavy winds or a rainstorm, staff must walk the trails and remove
any limbs or fallen trees that are blocking the path or creating extra risk for injuring
visitors. Security of railings should also be periodically checked as well as that of
bridges, small or large. All maintenance checklists should be documented.
Location
Due to the risk of visitors becoming lost in the woods, protocol involves posting
periodic signs and maps detailing where the visitor is in relation to the parking lot as well
as other trails. These maps should provide the visitor with ample information to find his
or her way out of the woods. The visitor should be able to calculate approximately how
many miles they are from the nearest parking lot and visit center if there is one. A phone
number for the visitor center or a wildlife officer should be posted on these signs in case
of an emergency whereas the visitor needs to reach a staff member or trained help. This
phone number is only helpful if the visitor is carrying his or her cell phone. Furthermore,
there must be signs designating who is permitted to use the trails. If the trails are just for
walkers and joggers, this should be posted. However, if the trails are available for use by
bikers and horseback riders as well, this should be posted. This way visitors know what
other kinds of activities are occurring on the trails so they are prepared to watch out for
other users.
Rules
Signs should be posted throughout the park detailing park rules such as the prohibition
of alcohol and firearms. This lessens the likelihood of these items creating risk on park
grounds, as well as transfers the liability of the risk from the park to the visitor who may
be breaking the posted rules. By posting these rules we can better protect ourselves from
liability by doing all that is reasonable in informing visitors of park rules. Trails should
be designated as only for walkers and joggers. No All Terrain Vehicles, dirt bikes, or
regular bicycles should be permitted on walking trails.
Hours
Park hours must be posted at the entrance of any and all walking trails so visitors
know what time they should begin exiting the woods. It is unsafe for visitors to be in the
woods after hours, especially if they are alone.
Wildlife
Signs should be posted at the entrance of all walking trails detailing pictures and
descriptions of the most common dangerous wildlife creatures and plants. The specific
items listed depend on the location of the park; however, in the Raleigh location, this may
include Poison Ivy, Copperhead snakes, Water Moccasins, and Brown Recluse spiders,
for example. It is not realistic to require staff members to search park grounds for any
potential wildlife risks; however, it should be included in the checklist for staff members
to note the location and date of any sightings of this kind. A sign would then be posted at

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the entrance of each trail warning visitors of the sighting and urging them to be extra
cautious. Any small ponds or other bodies of water around the walking trails must be
posted as prohibited for swimming, to protect visitors from poisonous water snakes or
other dangerous wildlife that might inhabit there.
Visitor Center
Finally, in case of accident or injury, a visitor center must be present on park grounds
or a phone number available for wildlife staff in the event that a visitor needs trained
help. These staff members will be periodically trained in first aid, CPR, and must
complete Wilderness First Response training prior to hiring, and must maintain up to date
first aid and CPR certifications. Copies of all certifications must be kept on file at the
visitors’ center or at the park office location in the event that there is not a visitors’
center.
Weather and Climate
In the event that a lightning storm or heavy winds should occur, there should be a safe
shelter nearby where visitors can go to escape. Depending on the miles of walking trails,
there should be a designated number of safe shelters along the trails. Similarly, in the
event of a snow or ice storm or heavy rains, snow and ice should be swept off trails as
soon as possible. Trails should also be constructed in a raised fashion to aid in draining of
rain to prevent flooding on the trails (Wagner, 2007).
Baseball Field
Maintenance and Inspection of Bleachers
The inspection should identify structural damage to or deterioration of supports,
bracing, seating boards, steps, railings, and fencing. Mechanical fasteners should be
checked for tightness (torque) and welds for cracking or rust. Repairs should be made
immediately. Inspection and repair efforts should be documented, including the date of
the inspection and the signature of the person conducting each inspection. You can see
pictures of bleacher examples in the appendix. When inspecting bleachers, we must keep
in mind these guidelines set by the CPSC:

Guardrails should be present on the backs and portions of the open ends of bleachers
where the footboard, seatboard, or aisle is 30 inches or more above the floor or ground
below. Bleachers with the top row nominally 30 inches above the ground may be exempt
from this recommendation.
The top surface of the guardrail should be at least 42 inches above the leading edge of
the footboard, seatboard, or aisle, whichever is adjacent.
When bleachers are used adjacent to a wall that is at least as high as the recommended
guardrail height, the guardrail is not needed if a 4-inch diameter sphere fails to pass
between the bleachers and the wall.
Any opening between components of the guardrail or under the guardrail should
prevent passage of a 4-inch sphere.
Any opening between the components in the seating, such as between the footboard,

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seatboard, and riser, should prevent passage of a 4-inch diameter sphere where the
footboard is 30 inches or more above the ground and where the opening would permit a
fall of 30 inches or more.
The preferable guardrail design uses only vertical members as in-fill between the top
and bottom rails. If there are openings in the in-fill that could provide a foothold for
climbing, the widest measurement of the opening where the foot could rest should be
limited to a maximum of 1.75 inches. Opening patterns that provide a ladder effect
should be avoided. If chain link fencing is used on guardrails, it should have a mesh size
of 1.25-inch square or less.
Aisles, handrails, non-skid surfaces, and other items that assist in access and egress on
bleachers should be incorporated into any retrofit project where feasible.
The option of replacing bleachers as opposed to retrofitting should be considered.
Materials and methods used for retrofitting should prevent the introduction of new
hazards, such as bleacher tipover, bleacher collapse, guardrail collapse, and contact or
tripping hazards.
Bleachers should be thoroughly inspected at least quarterly by trained personnel and
problems corrected immediately. Records of these actions should be retained.
A licensed professional engineer, registered architect, or company that is qualified to
provide bleacher products and services, should inspect the bleachers at least every two
years and
provide a written certification at such time that the bleachers are fit for use.
Records of all incidents and injuries should be retained.
Foul Balls/other flying objects
While foul balls are a part of the game, there are steps that we take to reduce the risks
of injuries due to foul balls and other flying objects such as baseball bats. Much of the
liability for foul balls falls under the assumption of risk doctrine meaning that those
playing and watching the game should be aware that foul balls and bats are potential
risks. Even though much of the responsibility falls in the hands of participants and
spectators to avoid foul balls, there are some preventative measure that can be taken to
limit these risks. Some of the preventative measures we have taken include:
 25 ft. high fence backstops to prevent foul balls from coming straight back into
the bleacher seats behind home plate.
 Dugouts for players to sit or stand in so that they are not in the field of play and at
risk of being hit by balls/flying objects
 Signage to indicate to spectators and participants that you are in a potential foul
ball area and should be extra aware of foul ball/flying objects
 Protective screens for pitchers in the batting cages

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Field Maintenance and rules
In order to keep the field in suitable playing condition the staff performs field
maintenance on a daily basis. This would not be possible without the proper equipment.
A list of general equipment needs as well as a field maintenance checklist can be found in
the appendix. These are checklists distribute by Major League Baseball so there are
some fields that don’t apply to our facility.
In addition to field maintenance, we must ask participants to follow the field rules in
order to sustain the quality of the field. Signs with rules will be placed throughout the
fields to remind participants what is acceptable and not acceptable.

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Picnic Shelters
Rain
In the event that it should rain, picnic shelter roofs should be the correct dimensions to
ensure the concrete slab underneath does not get wet and slippery. Roof dimensions
should be noted and the correct size should be enforced when shelters are built.
Sturdiness
In the facility maintenance checklist, staff members should be required to check the
sturdiness of picnic shelter roofs, benches, grills, beams, and flooring. The wood in the
roofs, benches, and beams should be checked for rotting to ensure that no wood will
collapse or break off. The entire picnic shelter should fall within standard building codes.
The park will maintain documentation of these building codes signed off by the engineers
and the construction companies who carried out the building process, indicating that the
shelters are built to withstand outdoor climate and are sturdy enough to be used for
recreational use.
Grill
Use of picnic shelter grill should be designated only for adults. Signs should be posted
by each grill that say, “Warning HOT.” When parties reserve picnic shelters, park staff
should reiterate to the adult that the grills are not for use by children and all children
should be carefully monitored. Grills must be positioned high enough that young children
cannot reach the hot surface and injure themselves, since we cannot reasonably predict
what children will do. Visitors are required to bring their own wood or charcoal,
newspaper, matches, etc.
Rules
Signs should be posted around the picnic shelters detailing the park rules, including
the prohibition of alcohol and firearms. By posting these rules, we can transfer some
liability to the visitor breaking the rules in the event that someone is injured.
Reservations
Visitors must be required to reserve picnic shelters in the event that they are being
used for a party or gathering. By doing this, park staff can be made aware of the
whereabouts of large groups of visitors in the event that there is an accident or
emergency. This way, park staff can more quickly provide aid.
Hours
Park hours must be posted for all visitors of the picnic shelters to see. Because the
park becomes dangerous in the night hours with people walking around, visitors should
be made aware of park hours and understand that they need to leave the park once it is
closed for the day.

20
(Figure 7: Sign regarding reservations at picnic shelter at Lake Johnson Park – Raleigh, NC)
Playgrounds
In order to assure the safety of our participants there are several key factors we kept in
mind when constructing our playground to limit the amount of hazards to playground
participants:
Accessibility
Special consideration should was given to providing accessible surfaces in a play area
that meets the ASTM Standard Specification for Determination of Accessibility of
Surface Systems Under and Around Playground Equipment, ASTM F1951. Equipment
selection and location along with the type of protective surfacing were key components to
ensuring the opportunity for children with disabilities to play on the playground.
Age separation
Since our playground is intended to serve children of all ages, the layout of pathways
and the landscaping of the playground should show the distinct areas for the different age
groups. The areas are separated at least by a buffer zone, with areas like shrubs or
benches. This separation and buffer zone reduces the chance of injury from older, more
active children running through areas filled with younger children with generally slower
movement and reaction times.
Conflicting activities
The play area is organized into different sections to prevent injuries caused by
conflicting activities and children running between activities. Active, physical activities
are separate from more passive or quiet activities. Areas for playground equipment, open
fields, and sand boxes are located in different sections of the playground. In addition,

21
popular, heavy-use pieces of equipment or activities are dispersed to avoid crowding in
any one area. Some general recommendations we’ve followed include:
 Moving equipment, such as swings and merry-go-rounds, should be located
toward a corner, side, or edge of the play area while ensuring that the appropriate
use zones around the equipment are maintained.
 Slide exits should be located in an uncongested area of the playground.
 Composite play structures have become increasingly popular on public
playgrounds. Adjacent components on composite structures should be
complementary. For example, an access component should not be located in a
slide exit zone.
Sight lines
Our playground is laid out to allow parents or caregivers to keep track of children as
they move throughout the playground environment. Visual barriers are minimized as
much as possible. For example, playground equipment is as visible as possible from park
benches. The older children’s area should s visible from the younger children’s area to
ensure that caregivers of multiple children can see older children while they are engaged
in interactive play with younger ones.
Signage and/or labeling
Although the intended user group should be obvious from the design and scale of
equipment, signs and/or labels are posted in the playground area or on the equipment to
give some guidance to supervisors as to the age appropriateness of the equipment.
Examples of signage can be seen in the Appendix.
Shading considerations
According to the American Academy of Dermatology, research indicates that one in
five Americans will develop some form of skin cancer during their lifetime, and five or
more sunburns double the risk of developing skin cancer. With that said, we have utilized
existing shade (e.g., trees), designed play structures as a means for providing shading
(e.g., elevated platforms with shaded space below), and created more shade (e.g., man-
made structures) to help protect children’s skin from the sun. Additional maintenance
issues arise, such as the need for cleaning up debris and trimming limbs from trees used
as shade.
Supervision
The quality of the supervision depends on the quality of the supervisor’s knowledge of
safe play behavior. Playground designers should be aware of the type of supervision most
likely for their given playground. Depending on the location and nature of the
playground, the supervisors may be paid professionals (e.g., childcare, elementary school
or park and recreation personnel), paid seasonal workers (e.g., college or high school
students), volunteers (e.g., PTA members), or unpaid caregivers (e.g., parents) of the
children playing in the playground. In our case we rely very heavily on the supervision
of parents that bring their children to the park, however, there are times where employees
are able to keep an eye on things as well.

22
Parents and playground supervisors should be aware that not all playground
equipment is appropriate for all children who may use the playground. Supervisors
should look for posted signs indicating the appropriate age of the users and direct
children to equipment appropriate for their age. Toddlers and preschool-age children
require more attentive supervision than older children; however, one should not rely on
supervision alone to prevent injuries. Supervisors should understand the basics of
playground safety such as:
 Checking for broken equipment and making sure children don’t play on it.
 Checking for and removing unsafe modifications, especially ropes tied to
equipment, before letting children play.
 Checking for properly maintained protective surfacing.
 Making sure children are wearing foot wear.
 Watching and stopping dangerous horseplay, such as children throwing protective
surfacing materials, jumping from heights, etc.
 Watching for and stopping children from wandering away from the play area.
Equipment
Our playground uses equipment that that is manufactured and constructed of materials
that have shown a record of quality and durability and is inspected regularly to ensure the
safety of our participants. There are some types of equipment that are more suitable for
different age groups and some equipment that is not recommended in public playgrounds.
We have taken all these factors into consideration with the construction of our
playground.
EXAMPLES OF AGE APPROPRIATE EQUIPMENT
Toddler —Ages 6-23
months
Preschool —Ages 2-5 years Grade School—Ages 5-12
years
• Climbing equipment under
32” high
• Ramps
• Single file step ladders
• Slides
• Spiral slides less than 30°
• Spring rockers
• Stairways
• Swings with full bucket
seats
• Certain climbers
• Horizontal ladders less
than or equal to 0” high for
ages and 5
• Merry-go-rounds
• Ramps
• Rung ladders
• Single file step ladders
• Slides
• Spiral slides up to 3 0°
• Spring rockers
• Stairways
• Swings – belt, full bucket
seats (2- years) & rotating
tire
• Arch climbers
• Chain or cable walks
• Free standing climbing
events with flexible parts
• Fulcrum seesaws
• Ladders – Horizontal,
Rung, & Step
• Overhead rings
• Merry-go-rounds
• Ramps
• Ring treks
• Slides
• Spiral slides more than
one
3 0° turn
• Stairways
• Swings – belt & rotating

23
tire
Equipment not recommended
Some playground equipment is not recommended for use on public playgrounds,
including:
• Trampolines
• Swinging gates
• Giant strides
• Climbing ropes that are not secured at both ends.
• Heavy metal swings (e.g., animal figures) – These are not recommended because their
heavy rigid metal framework presents a risk of impact injury.
• Multiple occupancy swings – With the exception of tire swings, swings that are
intended for more than one user are not recommended because their greater mass, as
compared to single occupancy swings, presents a risk of impact injury.
• Rope swings – Free-swinging ropes that may fray or otherwise form a loop are not
recommended because they present a potential strangulation hazard.
• Swinging dual exercise rings and trapeze bars – These are rings and trapeze bars on
long chains that are generally considered to be items of athletic equipment and are not
recommended for public playgrounds. NOTE: The recommendation against the use of
exercise rings does not apply to overhead hanging rings such as those used in a ring trek
or ring ladder
(Figure 8: Swings at Banburry Park – Raleigh, NC)
Surfacing
Surfacing under and around playground equipment is one of the most important
factors in reducing the likelihood of life-threatening head injuries. A fall onto a shock
absorbing surface is less likely to cause a serious head injury than a fall onto a hard
surface. However, some injuries from falls, including broken limbs, may occur no matter

24
what playground surfacing material is used. We use a combination of unitary and loose-
fill materials to guarantee the safety of all those that play on our playground.
Appropriate Surfacing Inappropriate Surfacing
• Any material tested to ASTM F1292,
including unitary surfaces, engineered
wood fiber, etc.
• Pea gravel
• Sand
• Shredded/recycled rubber mulch
• Wood mulch (not CCA-treated)
• Wood chips
• Asphalt
• Carpet not tested to ASTM F1292
• Concrete
• Dirt
• Grass
• CCA treated wood mulch
Unitary materials: generally rubber mats and tiles or a combination of energy-
absorbing materials held in place by a binder that may be poured in place at the
playground site and then cured to form a unitary shock absorbing surface.
When utilizing loose-fill materials it is important to keep these factors in mind:
1. Loose-fill materials will compress at least 25% over time due to use and weathering.
This must be considered when planning the playground. For example, if the playground
will require 9 inches of wood chips, then the initial fill level should be 12 inches. See
Table 2 below.
2. Loose-fill surfacing requires frequent maintenance to ensure surfacing levels never
drop below the minimum depth. Areas under swings and at slide exits are more
susceptible to displacement; special attention must be paid to maintenance in these areas.
Additionally, wear mats can be installed in these areas to reduce displacement.
3. The perimeter of the playground should provide a method of containing the loose-fill
materials.
4. Consider marking equipment supports with a minimum fill level to aid in maintaining
the original depth of material
5. Good drainage is essential to maintaining loose-fill surfacing. Standing water with
surfacing material reduces effectiveness and leads to material compaction and
decomposition.
6. Critical height may be reduced during winter in areas where the ground freezes.
7. Never use less than 9 inches of loose-fill material except for shredded/recycled rubber
(6 inches recommended). Shallower depths are too easily displaced and compacted
8. Some loose-fill materials may not meet ADA/ABA accessibility guidelines. For more
information, contact the Access Board or refer to ASTM F1951.
9. Wood mulch containing chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood products
should not be used; mulch where the CCA-content is unknown should be avoided
Maintenance Inspections
A comprehensive maintenance program has been developed for our playground. All
playground areas and equipment are inspected for excessive wear, deterioration, and any
potential hazards, each and every day. One possible procedure we utilize is a checklist.
Some manufacturers supply checklists for general or detailed inspections with their

25
maintenance instructions. These can be used to ensure that inspections are in compliance
with the manufacturer’s specifications. If manufacturer-provided inspection guidelines
are not available, a general checklist that may be used as a guide for frequent routine
inspections of public playgrounds is included in the appendix. This is intended to address
only general maintenance concerns. Detailed inspections should give special attention to
moving parts and other parts that can be expected to wear. Maintenance inspections
should be carried out in a systematic manner by personnel regularly.
Repairs
Inspections alone do not constitute a comprehensive maintenance program. We fix any
problems found during our inspections as soon as possible.
 All repairs and replacements of equipment parts are completed following the
manufacturer’s instructions.
 User modifications, such as loose-ended ropes tied to elevated parts, are removed
immediately.
 For each piece of equipment, the frequency of thorough inspections depends on
the type and age of equipment, the amount of use, and the local climate.
 Consult the manufacturer for maintenance schedules for each piece of equipment.
Based on these schedules, a maintenance schedule for the entire playground can
be created. This routine maintenance schedule should not replace regular
inspections.
Maintaining Loose-Fill Surfacing
Loose-fill surfacing materials require special maintenance. We check frequently to ensure
surfacing has not displaced significantly, particularly in areas of the playground most
subject to displacement (e.g., under swings and slide exits). We have facilitated this by
marking ideal surfacing depths on equipment posts. Displaced loose-fill surfacing is
raked back into proper place so that a constant depth is maintained throughout the
playground. We’ve also placed attenuating mats placed in high traffic areas, such as
under swings and at slide exits, which significantly reduce displacement. They are
installed below or level with surfacing so as not to be a tripping hazard. The following
are key points we look for during regular checks of surfacing:
 Areas under swings and at slide exits. Activity in these areas tends to displace
surfacing quickly. Rake loose-fill back into place.
 Pooling water on mulch surfacing. For example, wet mulch compacts faster than
dry, fluffy mulch. If puddles are noticed regularly, consider addressing larger
drainage issues.
 Frozen surfacing. Most loose-fill surfacing that freezes solid no longer functions
as protective surfacing. It is recommended that children not play on the equipment
under these condition
Personnel and Staff
All personnel and staff will be required to pass the Certified Playground Safety Inspector
(CPSI) program offered by the National Certification Board in coordination with the
National Park and Recreation Association and the National Playground Safety Institute.
Our whole staff will have an extensive knowledge and awareness of potential risks and

26
hazards to ensure our participants premium safety. Information on how to complete the
course is provided when hired. An outline of the exam content as well as the CPSI Code
of Professional Conduct is included in the Appendix.

27
Appendix

28
Photo
shows a
small,
fixed or
portable
unit.
Note the
mesh
fencing
on the
side and
back.
Close up of
prior photo
showing
the riser
protection,
fencing and
bottom
rails.
Note the riser
space is filled in.
The gap between the
side fence and the back
fence should not be
larger than four inches

29
This is an older,
permanent bleacher
system at a high school
football field. This
system has been
retrofitted to some
degree. There is no riser
fall protection and no
hand rails in the aisle
walkway. However,
fencing has been added
to the top and sides
reducing the potential
for falls from the
bleachers. Massamont
Insurance would
recommend riser gaps
be closed to reduce the
potential for falls
between the seat and
walking surfaces,
especially for children.
We would also
recommend the
installation of aisle
railings.
This photo shows a
newer, permanent
bleacher system at a
town recreational
baseball field. The
system has aisle railings,
riser protection, and top
and side guardrails with
mesh fencing. The risers
would prevent falls
between the seat-
boards and the
floorboards and would
also prevent objects
from falling from the
floorboards onto anyone
beneath the bleachers.

30
Daily Baseball Field Maintenance Checklist
Daily Routine before Practice:
Remove tarps
Water skinned areas and baselines
Install the bases
Erect safety screens for pitcher, first base and second base
Place the batting cage at home plate
Daily Routine after Practice and Games:
Remove the bases and cover the base anchor sleeves
Drag the skinned areas and baselines
Recondition the mound and home plate area and cover areas with tarps
Recondition the bull pen mound and home plate area
Replace and tamp any loose divots in turf areas
Dispose of trash in and around field and bleacher areas
Day of Game Routine:
Remove tarpaulins
Mow the grass
Scarify the skinned areas with a spiker
Drag the skinned areas smooth
Water the infield area
Sweep and clean dugouts
Set the chalk lines and mark officially
Place the batting practice pitcher's mat on the mound
Place the safety screens: pitcher, first base and second base
Paint or wash bases, pitching plate and home plate
Prepare the bullpens
Hang flags on the foul line poles and flagpole
Check the operation of the field lights
Check the operation of the scoreboard
Prepare the press box and operation of the public address system
Check the operation of the electrical equipment in the concession stand
Clean and prepare the locker rooms and umpire rooms
Dispose of trash found in and around field and bleacher areas

31
Tools and Equipment
 Batter's box chalker
 Base hole covers
 Batter's box and catcher's box outline frames
 Push broom
 Drags
 Edge cutter
 Line marker
 Mound and hitting mats
 Rakes
 Shovels
 Small backpack-style sprayer
 Spiker
 Sprinkling (watering) can
 String line
 Tamp
 Tarpaulins
 Watering equipment - hoses, spray nozzles
 Wheelbarrow

32
Routine Inspection and Maintenance Issues
Broken equipment such as loose bolts, missing end caps,
cracks, etc.
Broken glass & other trash
Cracks in plastics
Loose anchoring
Hazardous or dangerous debris
Insect damage
Problems with surfacing
Displaced loose-fill surfacing (see Section .3)
Holes, flakes, and/or buckling of unitary surfacing
User modifications (such as ropes tied to parts or equipment
rearranged)
Vandalism
Worn, loose, damaged, or missing parts
Wood splitting
Rusted or corroded metals
Rot

33
SUGGESTED GENERAL MAINTENANCE CHECKLISTS
Surfacing
Adequate protective surfacing under and around the
equipment.
Install/replace surfacing
Surfacing materials have not deteriorated.
Replace surfacing
Other maintenance: _________________________
Loose-fill surfacing materials have no foreign
objects or debris.
Remove trash and debris
Loose-fill surfacing materials are not compacted.
Rake and fluff surfacing
Loose-fill surfacing materials have not been
displaced
under heavy use areas such as under swings
or at slide exits.
Rake and fluff surfacing
Drainage
The entire play area has satisfactory drainage,
especially in heavy use areas such as under swings and
at slide exits.
Improve drainage
General Hazards
There are no sharp points, corners or edges on the
equipment
There are no missing or damaged protective caps or
Plugs
There are no hazardous protrusions
There are no potential clothing entanglement hazards,
such as open S-hooks or protruding bolts
There are no crush and shearing points on exposed
moving parts
There are no trip hazards, such as exposed footings
or anchoring devices and rocks, roots, or any other
obstacles in a use zone
Security of Hardware
There are no loose fastening devices or worn
connections.
Replace fasteners
Moving parts, such as swing hangers, merry-go-
round bearings, and track rides, are not worn.
Replace part
Durability of Equipment
There are no rust, rot, cracks, or splinters on any
equipment (check carefully where it comes in contact
with the ground).
There are no broken or missing components on the
equipment (e.g., handrails, guardrails, protective
barriers, steps, or rungs).
There are no damaged fences, benches, or signs on
the playground.
All equipment is securely anchored.
Leaded Paint
Paint (especially lead paint) is not peeling, cracking,
chipping, or chalking.
There are no areas of visible leaded paint chips or
accumulation of lead dust.
Mitigate lead paint hazards
General Upkeep of Playgrounds
There are no user modifications to the equipment,
such as strings and ropes tied to equipment, swings
looped over top rails, etc.
Remove string or rope
Correct other modification
The entire playground is free from debris or litter
such as tree branches, soda cans, bottles, glass, etc.
Clean playground
There are no missing trash receptacles.
Replace trash receptacle
Trash receptacles are not full.

34
Empty trash
Exam Content Outline
This outline illustrates the course content area and the percentage of questions on the
certification exam that are based on each content area. You need to review this outline in
preparation to take the exam.
I. The Playground Safety Milieu 5
A. The historical evolution of the Playground Safety Movement
B. U.S. organizations and governmental agencies involvement
II. Role of Child Development 5
A. Characteristics of users
1. anthropometrics
2. disabilities
B. Range of users-age appropriateness
III. The Foundation of Playground Safety Surfacing 16
A. Impact attenuation criteria-critical height
B. Use zones-dimensions and overlap
C. Surface testing: what, how, who
D. Unitary surface products
E. Loose-fill surfacing materials
F. Accessibility-approach
IV. The Playground Infrastructure: The Equipment 32
A. Fall height
B. Performance requirements
1. head and neck entrapment
2. sharp points and sharp edges
3. protrusions
4. entanglement
5. pinch, crush and shear points
6. suspended hazards
C. Guardrails & Protective Barriers
D. Structural characteristics
E. Installation
F. Specific types of playground equipment
1. balance beams
2. climbers
3. upper body equipment
4. sliding poles
5. slides
6. swings
7. equipment not recommended
8. moving, rotating, or rocking components
9. roller slides

35
10. seesaws
11. spring rocking equipment
12. log rolls
13. track rides
14. roofs
15. climbing ropes
G. Materials and manufacture
1. structural designation
2. metal and wood treatment
3. plastics and other materials
H. Access and egress
1. rung and stepladders
2. stairways
3. ramps (other than wheelchair-accessible)
4. other
I. Equipment not covered by the CPSC or the ASTM
J. Accessibility-use of equipment
K. Platforms
V. The Playground Layout and Design 15
A. Equipment Placement
B. Age separation
C. Specific equipment relationships
D. Orientation and other environmental factors
E. Master planning
F. Labeling
G. Accessibility-route of travel
VI. Playground Safety Practices/Management 27
A. Safety Audits
B. Safety Inspection
C. Maintenance
1. routine
2. periodic
3. preventive
D. Playground evaluations
1. priorities
2. documentation
3. record keeping
E. Repair and replacement factors
F. Supervision of Playground
G. Risk reduction
H. Preparation for litigation
I. Risk management
J. Staff training and evaluation
K Status: injury data, causes, equipment related injuries, etc.

36
L. Common playground concerns: hazards, sanitation, vandalism
Certified Playground Safety Inspector - Code of Professional Conduct
This code sets forth the standards of professional conduct to be observed by CPSIs upon
confirmation by the NCB as they act in the capacity of that certification. Certificants shall, in
their professional activities, sustain and advance the integrity, honor and veracity of their
certification by:
 holding the safety of playground users paramount in all professional services;
 utilizing the most current standards of care (as delineated by the American
Society for Testing and Materials Standards on Consumer Safety Performance
Specification for Public Use, Playground surfacing, and Standard Consumer
Safety Performance Specifications for Public Use Play Equipment for Children 6
months through 23 months, as well as the US Consumer Product Safety
Commissions Public Playground Safety Handbook);
 maintaining currency and competency in playground safety inspection procedures
including use of testing tools and knowledge of current safety criteria;
 identifying and documenting all situations which are in non-compliance with the
standards of care along with the citation of the specific reference portion of the
criterion document, using a standard playground safety inspection process;
 prioritizing all identified non-compliances according to a standard norm of
foreseeable consequences;
 advising employers or clients of seriously dangerous conditions in the most
prompt manner as well as part of a written report, omitting no adverse findings
from the official documentation of the safety inspection;
 never conducting a safety audit or inspection without the knowledge and consent
of the playground owner;
 never contradicting the findings of another CPSI without first consulting directly
with the first Inspector regarding the basis for these findings;
 never conducting a safety audit of a playground with the intent to discredit an
owner or manufacturer or to promote sale of other equipment or products; and
 never providing findings of an inspection to anyone other than the playground
owner unless authorized by the owner to do so.
Certificants failing to practice these professional standards shall be subject to loss of
professional certification upon a negative finding by a review process and enforcement
procedures established by the Executive Committee of the National Playground Safety
Institute.

37
[Street Address]
[City, ST ZIP Code]
Phone [(212)444-0123] Fax [(212)444-0144]
PURCHASE ORDER
The following number must appear on all related
correspondence, shipping papers, and invoices:
P.O. NUMBER: [001]
TO:
[Name]
[Company]
[Street Address]
[City, ST ZIP Code]
[Phone]
SHIP TO:
[Name]
[Company]
[Street Address]
[City, ST ZIP Code]
[Phone]
P.O. DATE REQUISITIONER SHIPPED VIA F.O.B. POINT TERMS
QTY UNIT DESCRIPTION UNIT PRICE TOTAL
SUBTOTAL
SALES TAX
SHIPPING & HANDLING
OTHER
TOTAL

38
1. Please send two copies of your invoice.
2. Enter this order in accordance with the prices, terms, delivery
method, and specifications listed above.
3. Please notify us immediately if you are unable to ship as
specified.
4. Send all correspondence to:
[Name]
[Street Address]
[City, ST ZIP Code]
Phone [(212)444-0123] Fax [(212)444-0144]
Authorized by Date

39
Accident/Incident Report Form
Date of incident: _______________ Time: ________ AM/PM
Name of injured person:
Address:
Phone Number(s):
Date of birth: ________________ Male ______ Female _______
Who was injured person?(circle one) Passenger System Employee
Type of injury:
Details of incident:
Injury requires physician/hospital visit? Yes ___ No _____
Name of physician/hospital:
Address:
Physician/hospital phone number:
Signature of injured party
_________________________________________________________
Date
*No medical attention was desired and/or required.
Signature of injured party Date
Return this form to Safety Coordinator within 24 hours of incident.

40
Witness Report
Using direct quotations where possible, please address the following in your statements:
 Why was the park visitor asked to leave the park grounds?
 Please describe in detail what happened.
 Please be objective in describing the situation and person(s) involved. Refrain
from using your opinion.
Witness #1 (print name) ____________________ Signature _______________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 Witness Statement is written by the witness and must be signed.
 If able to get participant statement please use separate sheet of paper and attach to
incident report.
Source: Mull, Bayless, & Jamieson (2005)

41
Request for Repair
Job Number __________
Date ________________
Priority Level  High  Medium  Low
Specific Location _______________________________________________
Walking Trails:
 Railings  Bridges  Trail Surface
 Signs/Maps  Draining  Fallen Limbs/Debris
 Overgrown Weeds/Bushes
Other_____________________
Picnic Shelters
 Benches  Roof  Cement Surface
 Grill  Signs
Other_____________________
Baseball Field
 Fence  Signs  Benches
 Field  Trash/Debris
Other_____________________
Playground
 Slide  Swings  Ground Surface
 Railings  Benches  Monkey Bars
 Trash  Signs
Other ____________________
Contact Person ________________________________________________
Equipment Needed _____________________________________________
Description of Problem __________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Job Started ___/___/___ Job Completed ___/___/___
Person Assigned ____________________
Signature __________________________
Source: Mull, Bayless, & Jamieson (2005)

42
References
Belmont baseball organization 2007 safety manual . (2007).
Unpublished manuscript, Athletic Department, Belmont Abby,
Charlotte, North Carolina. Retrieved from
www.belmontbaseball.org/../BBO%20Safety%20Manual -
2007.doc
Comeau, P. (2000). Unhappy trails. Canadian Geographic, 120(2), 1. Retrieved from
Academic Search Premier database.
Guidelines for bleacher safety. (2008). Massamont insurance agency
inc., Retrieved from
massamontinsurance.com/rc/../Guidlines_For_Bleacher_Safety
(2007-08).doc
Major League Baseball, Initials. (n.d.). Baseball field maintenance:
a general guide for fields of all levels . Retrieved from
http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/btf_field_maintenance_g ui
de.pdf
National Recreation and Park Association, (n.d.). Certified
playground safety inspector examination candidate
handbookRetrieved from
http://www.nrpa.org/uploadedFiles/Learn_and_Grow/Growing_
your_Career/CPSI%20Candidate%20Handbook%20%20 -
%20Jan%201st%202010.pdf
National Recreation and Park Association, National Playground
Safety Institute. (n.d.). The dirty dozen: 12 playground
hazards Retrieved from
http://www.nrpa.org/uploadedFiles/Explore_Parks_and_Recrea
tion/Project_Initiatives/DirtyDozen_Final.pdf
Sharp, L. A., Moorman, A. M., & Claussen, C. L. (2007). Sport Law: A managerial
Approach. Scottsdale, Arizona: Holcomb Hathaway, Publishers Inc.
Tierney, T. J. (1998). Heads Up! The Baseball Facility Act. LexisNexis, 18(601), 155-
168.
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retrofitting bleachers (Pub. No. 330 000011). Retrieved from
http://www.cpsc.gov/CPSCPUB/PUBS/330.pdf

43
US Consumer Product Safety Commision, (n.d.). Public playground
safety handbook (pub #325). Retrieved from
http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/325.pdf
Wagner, J. (2007). American Trails. Retrieved Nov. 21, 2010, from The World's Largest
Online Trail Resource, Redding, CA. Web site:
http://www.americantrails.org/resources/ManageMaintain/MaintCheck.html.
Please note that Cicero Williams should not receive credit for
being in our group. He did zero work. He did not communicate
a single time through the forum until the da y before at which
point we decided to continue to work without him. This can be
seen in our Moodle forum.

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