1. Water from the mountains, The Fourth
Paradigm, and the color of snow
(photo T. H. Painter)
2. Snow contributions to annual precipitation
140 6
120 5
100
SWE 4 Arizona/New Mexico: 39%
Average Monthly SWE(in)
Flow
Average Monthly Flow (1000AF)
80 3
Utah: 60%
60 2
Colorado: 63%
40 1
Sierra Nevada: 67%
20 0
-1
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Month
Most runoff & recharge come from snowmelt
(Serreze, WRR, 1999) 2
3. Snow-pillow data for Leavitt Lake, 2929 m, Walker R
drainage, near Tuolumne & Stanislaus basins
3
6. April-July 2011 forecast, Tuolumne River
3.5
historical max
3.0
upper bound actual
2.5 *
April-July forecast, km3
lower bound
2.0
historical avg
1.5
1.0
historical min
0.5
0.0
February March April May 6
22. Net shortwave radiation:
Tuolumne-Merced River basins
March 1, 2006 12:00
S1/8° ¯ NLDAS2 S100m ¯ Spatially Integrated S100m ¯ Corrected for elevation S100m ¯ Corrected for topography
Cosgrove et al., 2003;
Pinker et al., 2003; Erbs et al., 1982; Dozier and Frew, 1990
Dubayah and Loechel., 1997
Mitchell et al., 2004 Olyphant et al., 1984
S100m ¯, Corrected for vegetation a, Snow Albedo S100m - Qns
100m
Link and Marks, 1999; Painter et al., 2009; S -= a S ¯ Qns = S ¯ +S -
Garren and Marks, 2005 Dozier et al., 2008
M p j = mQ Rd + a rTD 22
23. 1. Thousand years ago —
experimental science
Data Description of natural
Acquisition
& Modeling phenomena
2. Last few hundred years
—theoretical science
Newton’s Laws, Maxwell’s
Collaboration &
Disseminate &
Visualization
Equations . . .
Share
Archiving &
Preservation
3. Last few decades —
computational science
Jim Gray, 1944-2007 Simulation of complex
phenomena
Analysis &
Data Mining
4. Today — data-intensive
science
Model/data integration
(J. Frew, T. Hey)
Data mining
http://fourthparadigm.org Higher-order
products, sharing 23
24. Information about water is more useful as we
climb the value ladder
Forecasting
Reporting
Done poorly,
Analysis but a few notable
counter-examples
Integration
Distribution
Done poorly to moderately,
Aggregation not easy to find
Quality assurance
Sometimes done well,
Collation generally discoverable and available,
Monitoring but could be improved
(I. Zaslavsky & CSIRO, BOM, WMO) 24
25. Example from medical literature
Cardiac Disease
Literature
Co-author path Tague
Co-author path Kolstad
Co-author graph
Citation graph
Immunology Literature
Shared Function
(Phil Bourne) 25
26. Alternative forms of scholarship
The Right Thing To Do Reward
Accessible data
(Phil Bourne) 26
30. Net longwave radiation:
Tuolumne-Merced River basins
March 1, 2006 12:00
L1/8° ¯ NLDAS2
a
e 100m ¯ Spatially Integrated
a L100m ¯ Corrected for elevation
a
L100m ¯ Corrected for topography
a
e 1/8° ¯
a
Dubayah and Loechel, 1997 La ¯ = e as Ta4 (z) Dozier and Frew, 1990
e 1/8° = L1/8° s Ta1/8°
a a
L100m ¯, Corrected for vegetation
ac
L100m - Qnl
100m
Link and Marks, 1999; L - = e ss Ts4 + (1- e s )L ¯ Qnl = L ¯ +L -
Garren and Marks, 2005
M p j = mQ Rd + a rTD 30
