3. RELATED LITERATURE
• Composed of discussions of facts and principles
to which the present study is related
•Materials which are usually printed and found
in books, encyclopedias, professional journals,
magazines, newspapers, and other publications
4. IMPORTANCE, PURPOSES, AND
FUNCTIONS OF RELATED LITERATURE
• 1. It helps or guides the researcher in searching for or
selecting a better research problem or topic
• 2. It helps the investigator understand his topic or
research better.
• 3. It ensures that there will be no duplication of other
studies.
• 4. It provides the conceptual or theoretical framework of
the planned research
5. IMPORTANCE, PURPOSES, AND
FUNCTIONS OF RELATED
LITERATURE
•5. It gives the researcher a feeling of
confidence
•6. It provides information about the
research methods used
•7. It provides findings and conclusions of
past investigations
6. CHARACTERISTICS OF RELATED
LITERATURE MATERIALS
• 1. The surveyed materials must be as recent as
possible
• 2. Materials reviewed must be objective and unbiased
• 3. Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study
• 4. Surveyed materials must have been based upon
genuinely original and true facts or data to make them
valid and reliable
7. HOW TO CONDUCT THE REVIEW OF
RELATED LITERATURE
• Take down notes on index card or research notebook. Begin
organizing your notes by devising sections and headings such
as:
• a. General Information
• b. Methods in other studies
• c. Support for Objectives 1 and 2.
• d. Results to compare with mine.
• e. Pros and cons of controversy
8. HOW TO CONDUCT THE REVIEW OF
RELATED LITERATURE
• write all bibliographic information, i.e., author(s), complete
title, publisher, date and place of publication, and so on
• • PARAPHRASE!
9. GUIDE QUESTIONS
•1. Do the accumulated literature indicate gaps and
inconsistencies which you hope to fill?
•2. Are the variables adequately described?
•3. What data gathering instruments have been
used? Are they reliable and valid tools?
10. GUIDE QUESTIONS
•4. Are the target and sampling populations
presented?
•5. Were the hypotheses tested and correctly
interpreted?
•6. Are the results logical? Are the conclusions and
recommendations data-based?
11. HOW TO WRITE THE REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
•Use headings arranged in logical order to indicate
main points
• Avoid too long introduction to your main topic.
•Include information that are directly related and
relevant to your topic.
•A maximum of half-page (double-space) must
constitute one paragraph
12. HOW TO WRITE THE REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
•• Do not copy in toto the information from your
source. No more than 10% of the entire paper is
allowed for direct quotation.
•Give due credit to the real source of your data. Cite
the authors at the end of the sentence. How?
•Paraphrase using your own words and style the
data gathered.
13. HOW TO WRITE THE REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
•Summarize important points from your sources
and relate them to your topic.
•Reinforce your data with selected figures or
statistics from your course
HOW TO WRITE THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
14. •A common problem in writing
RRL is that it can turn onto a
boring list of ideas in
paragraph form.
15. HOW TO AVOID THE PREVIOUS
• Make subheads (not too many), transitional phrases and
unifying ideas to make information flow smoothly.
• Spice your writing with a variety. Keep your paper alive!
• • Author A found out • Author B found out
• Replace found out with:
• – Demonstrates – presented evidence for – Supported – Observed –
Reported – Examined – Concluded
