its describes Climate change w.r.t. agriculture its causes and effects and carbon trading in emission reduction of co2 , mechanisms, types , advantages and disadvantages.

1. Climate change and carbon trading
By
Jayappa
PALB6084
Dept. of Plant Pathology
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Dept. of Plant Pathology
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2. Flow of presentation
Introduction
Climate change: causes and effects
Carbon trading
Carbon trading in India
Advantages & disadvantages of CT
Conclusion
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3. Introduction
• India is the largest growing economies in South Asia
• India’s growing population and economic development
put enormous strain on environment.
• Environmental degradation and climate change is one of the
greatest challenges of 21st century
• India is the second largest in population, fourth largest
in energy consumption and third largest in green house gas
producer and burns ten folds fuel wood as compare to United
State
• In India, Coal fired power generation is the biggest polluter and
the biggest opportunity for emission reduction
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4. First of all, you should know that
weather and climate
are not same
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5. WEATHER
• Short term
• Limited area
• Can change rapidly
• Difficult to predict
WEATHER is what’s
happening outside your
window right now.
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6. • Long term
• Wide area
• Seasonal changes
• Measured over
long spans of time
CLIMATE is the average of
many years of weather
observation.
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7. Climate is affected by many factors
ABIOTIC FACTORS:
Latitude
Altitude
Ocean Currents
Topography
Solar Radiation
Evaporation
Orbital Variations
Volcanic Activity
BIOTIC FACTORS:
Transpiration
Respiration
Photosynthesis
Decomposition
Digestion
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8. Contribution of different sectors in world to climate
change.
(Sources of Greenhouse Gas emissions)
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10. Rising
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11. Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere
 through burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and
oil)
 solid waste
 trees and wood products
 result of certain chemical reactions (e.g.,
manufacture of cement)
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13. Estimates of Future Levels of CO2
Year CO2, ppm
2000 369
2010-2015 388-398
2050/2060 463-623
2100 478-1099
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14. Per capita emission of green house gas
emission
(Nair et al., 2013)22/12/2016
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15. Methane
Methane is emitted during the
• production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil
• livestock and other agricultural practices and
• decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills
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16. Nitrous Oxide
Nitrous Oxide is
produced by cars, by
fossil fuels used for
heat and electricity,
and by agriculture.
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17. Global Average Abundances of Major, Long-
Lived Greenhouse Gases
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18. Other…
• Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)
• Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)
• Hydrobromofluorocarbon (HBFC)
• Hydrocarbon (HC)
• Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC)
• Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)
• Methyl Bromide (CH3Br)
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19. The greenhouse gas content
of the atmosphere is being
altered by human activity.
The result of this change is
global warming.
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20. Global warming???
Global warming is when
the earth heats up and
the temperature
increases
Causing more dangers for
people, animals, plants and
our environment
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21. Glaciers are melting away worldwide
Agassiz Glacier,
Montana, in
1913…
Pasterze Glacier,
Austria, in
1875…
…and in 2005
…and in 2004
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22. Animal and plant life is changing
2/3 of European butterfly
species studied have shifted
their ranges northward by as
much as 150 miles.
(Parmesan, 1996; Parmesan
et al., 1999)
An analysis of the
distributions of British
birds found that many
species have moved
north by an average of
18.9 km. (Thomas et
al., 1999)
At Boston's Arnold
Arboretum, plants are
flowering eight days
earlier on average than
they did from 1900 to
1920. (Primack et
al.,2004)
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23. • Longer summers can disrupt animal habitation
• A Warmer World Will Mean More Pests and
Pathogens for Crops
• Damaged crops due to sudden climate change
• Floods, Droughts, heat waves, extreme winters
and storms, hurricanes, typhoons
• More wildfires
• Changes in El Niño–Southern Oscillation
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24. Tsunami
Tornado
Hurricane
New diseases and
pests
Changed habitation
Forest fires
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25. Changes in El Niño–Southern Oscillation
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26. UN Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC)
• 165 nations signed the in 1992, UNFCCC at Rio de Janeiro
• The Convention divides countries into two main groups -
Annex I & Non-Annex I Countries
• Annex I (developed countries) agreed to reduce their GHGs
by 5.2 % below 1990 levels in 1st commitment period 2008
– 2012
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27. • Convention is based on three principles
– Common but differentiated responsibility
– Precautionary approach
– Sustainable Economic Growth and Development
• The Kyoto protocol defined how to bring down the
emissions in COP 3 in 1997
(COP-conference of the parties)
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28. Highlights of KYOTO Protocol:
• An United Nation- led international agreement reached in 1997 in
Kyoto, Japan under UNFCCC
 Put to force on 16th February 2005
 To address the problems of climate change and the reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions
• Results
 Commitment to move away from fossil fuel energy sources (oil, gas
and coal) to renewable sources of energy viz. hydro, wind, solar
power by 38 signatory countries
 Targets for greenhouse gas emissions reduction were established for
each industrialized country
 Developing countries including China and India were asked to set
voluntary targets for greenhouse gas emissions
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29. Carbon trading
In India, Coal fired power generation is the biggest polluter and
the biggest opportunity for emission reduction and hence
can be the biggest carbon credits producer
Presently, next to china India is generating the highest
number of carbon credits in the world
In comparison to the developed nations the carbon emission
level in India is much less
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HISTORY

31. Carbon Credits
• A carbon credit is a financial instrument that represents a
tonne of CO2 or CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent gases)
removed or reduced from the atmosphere from an
emission reduction project
• Carbon credits are measured in units of certified
emission reductions (CERs).
• Each CER is equivalent to one ton of carbon dioxide
reduction (1 credit= reduction of 1 ton of CO2)
• Such a credit can be sold in the international market at a
prevailing market rate
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32. CT Types
1. Carbon cap-trade program
2. Carbon offsetting
1. Carbon cap-trade program
 CAP- Assignment of an upper threshold limit on the amount of
pollutant that can be emitted (measured in Assigned Amount Units or
AAUs) by a country
 Emission permits or credits are issued to emit a specific amount of
carbon dioxide (cap) to the country
 TRADE- the transfer or trade of allowances
 Excess or unused credits can be traded to the countries whose
emissions have exceeded their assigned cap
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33. Carbon cap and trade
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34. 2. CARBON OFFSETTING
 Offset Credits for eco-friendly technologies are purchased by developed
nations to avoid or substitute reduction in their own emission
 Investments in green technologies and harness alternative forms of energy
in the developing nations
 Example :
• A landowner plants an acre of field and can generate credits for how much
Carbon Dioxide is reduced as a result of the plantation
• The credits are known as Offset Credits
• The landowner can sell the offset credits to the potential investors or
industrial facilities
• The facility can buy the offset credits and count it in favor of its emission
responsibilities
• It attests that the same amount of carbon dioxide is reduced in the
atmosphere as a result of the plantation process
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How it works??

36. Carbon Trading Implementation
Mechanisms
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37. • Emission Trading (ET)
 Countries whose emissions are less than their assigned amount can sell the
excess amount to countries whose emissions have exceeded their assigned
amount
 The Assigned amounts can be defined as a tradable allowances, or
commodity, and this free market is known as the “CARBON MARKET"
• Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
 Developed countries can fund emission reduction projects (e.g. Solar energy,
wind energy and other green technologies) in developing nations that did
not sign Kyoto Protocol
 In exchange, the developed countries earn legally recognized emission
credits called CERs (Certified Emission Reduction) to offset their emission
obligations
• Joint implementation (JI)
 Developed countries can implement emission reduction projects in another
developed or developing country and earn Emission Reduction Units (ERUs)
 ERUs can be used to meet the carbon allowance or can be sold in the market
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38. The Indian Scenario
• India forms a part of Non-Annexure country of the Kyoto
Protocol with no compulsion to abide by emission targets
but has a large potential for carbon trading
• Currently, the value of one CER (Carbon Emission CO2e)
Reduction) or Carbon Credit in Indian Rupees is about
Rs.1400
• Capital investment in CDM projects has also increased
from 358 crores in 2003 to 64443 crores in 2007
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39. The Indian infrastructural agencies, agreed to adopt the
following concepts in making Clean Development
Mechanisms (CDM) projects:
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Delhi Transco Limited
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation
Delhi Jal Board
Delhi International Airport
Delhi Transport Corporation
New Delhi Municipal Council

40. EXAMPLES OF CARBON TRADING
IN INDIA
1. Jindal Vijaynagar Steel: Yearly it will be ready to sell $225 million worth of
saved carbon. This was made possible since their steel plant uses the Corex
furnace technology which prevents 15 million tonnes of carbon from being
discharged into the atmosphere.
2. Powerguda in Andhra Pradesh: The village in Andhra Pradesh was selling 147
tonnes equivalent of saved carbon dioxide credits. The company has made a
claim of having saved 147 MT of CO2. This was done by extracting bio-diesel
from 4500 Pongamia trees in their village.
3. Handia Forest in Madhya Pradesh: In Madhya Pradesh, it is estimated that
95 very poor rural villages would jointly earn at least US$300,000 every year
from carbon payments by restoring 10,000 hectares of degraded community
forests.
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42. Advantages
• Reduction in green house gas emission
Stringency in the cap or the upper threshold limit is contributing to lower
emission over the years
• Source of revenue for developing nations
Developing nations can earn revenue by selling carbon credits to countries
with more fossil fuel demand
• Supports a free market system
The carbon trade market is without any economic intervention and
regulation by government except to regulate against force or fraud
• Alternative sources of energy or green technology
Threshold limits encourages industries to harness alternative sources of
energy and invest in green technology globally or in indigenous research
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43. Disadvantages
• Right to pollute
Industries in the ratified nations are purchasing legal rights to pollute the
atmosphere
• Slow process
Industries are opting the easy way– purchase more allowances than
implementing greener technologies
• Lack of centralized system or global framework
Absence of a centralized and accepted global standards/act are missing
• No effective carbon reduction in the atmosphere
Leads to carbon reduction in one place and results in carbon emission in
some other place
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44. Here’s what you can do…
What can be done?
• Heating and Cooling
• Conserve Hot Water
• Conserve in the Car
• Conserve Electricity
• Reduce waste
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45. There’s no place like home…
…and there may never be again. Do your part.
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46. References
www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/
www.epa.gov/climatechange/
www.climatehotmap.org/
www.stopglobalwarming.org
Parmesan, C., 1996. Climate and species range. Nature 382, 765-
766
Parmesanet al., 1999. Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of
butterfly species associated with regional warming. Nature
399, 579-583.
Primack et al., 2004. Herbarium specimens demonstrate earlier
flowering times in response to warming in Boston. American
Journal of Botany, 91, 1260-1264.
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47. 22/12/2016 Dept. of Plant Pathology 47
Go green…

48. 22/12/2016 Dept. of Plant Pathology 48
THANK YOU