MATERIALS OF THE EARTH for HUMSS and STEM students

1. BY
SIR OSCAR MARTINEZ GUZMAN, JR.
SCIENCE TEACHER
CALACAACADEMY INC.
Admana St. Pob 2. Calaca, Batangas Philippines
Earth and Life Sciences/Earth Science
oscarjrg@yahoo.com
09358482891

2. MINERALOGY
- is the study of minerals
- are the building blocks of rocks
- is defined as a naturally
formed, generally inorganic,
crystalline solid composed of
ordered array of atoms and having a
specific chemical composition.

3. Minerals can be described as:
Inorganic – formed by natural
geologic processes
 formed in nature
 solids – crystalline substance that
are solid at temperature at Earth’s
surface
 atoms have the same crystalline
pattern and with specific chemical
composition

4.  crystalline atoms are arranged
in an orderly repetitive manner
 can be represented by a
chemical formula

5. 1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
MINERALS
- Scientists identify more
common minerals by their color
or appearance, other include
their taste, smell, feel, and sound.
The physical properties that can
be tested are

6. The physical properties that can be
tested are:
 luster
 hardness
 streak
 cleavage
 fracture
 color
 specific gravity
 crystal form

7. 1. Luster – refers the way of light
is reflected from a mineral
ex: gold, silver and copper
Others such as:
 Vitreous or glassy, pearly,
silky, resinous and earth or
dull

8. 2. Hardness – refers to the
minerals resistance to being
scratched.
• Harder ones are difficult to
scratch
• Softer ones are less resistant
to scratches

9. Frederich Moh – a German
mineralogists prepared a
scale of hardness with
number 1-10 in the increasing
the hardness.

11. 3. Color and streak – refers to the
color of the powdered mineral
ex: unglazed or porcelain
4. Cleavage – is the tendency of
minerals to break along planes
of weak bonding.
ex: number of planes and angles

12. 5. Fracture – minerals do not exhibit
are said to fracture when
broken.
ex: break like glass
6. Color
ex: azurite – blue
malachite – green
cinnabar – red
sulfur – yellow

13. 7. Specific gravity – a number
which represents the ratio to
the weight of an equal
volume of water.
8. Crystal form – external
features of a mineral reflect
its orderly internal
arrangements of atoms.

14. 1. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
MINERALS
A sample chemical test:
a.) taste test NaCl (common table
salt – has a distinctly salty
taste
b. ) fizz test – carbonate minerals

15. Natural Resources
 Renewable resources
- plants and animals for food
- natural fibers for clothing
- forest products for lumber
and paper

16. Natural Resources
 Nonrenewable resources
- iron
- aluminum
- copper
Others are:
- fuels like oil
- natural gas
- coal

17. Rich deposits – iron, nickel,
copper, gold silver, chromium,
zinc and lead
Gold – is the precious metal
which can be found pure in
nature.
Mercury – reserves are located in
Albay and Palawan.

18. Lead – is found in Ayala, Zamboanga
City.
Molybdenum – deposits occur in
Batangas.
Gold – is the metal for adornment. It
exhibits a shiny yellow color and
a specific gravity of 29.3
Platinum – is used as a catalyst in
refining petroleum.

19. Minerals in the Philippines:
Nonmetallic minerals include:
a.) elomite limestone
b.) feldspar
c.) silica
d.) clay

20. Limestone – is used to make
concrete and cement. It is
found in Cebu, Negros and
Bulacan.
Feldspar – is used in making tiles
and ceramic toilet ware found
in Ilocos Norte and
Pampanga.

21. Silica – is used for making glass,
found in Palawan and Negros
Occidental.
Clay – is used for pottery found in
Ilocos Norte.
Red marble – abounds in
Romblon.

22. Conserving Our Mineral Resources.
a. recycle our products to reduce
waste
b. recover minerals from mine
tailings
c. control corrosion
d. use alloys whenever feasible

23. ROCKS
Geology – study of the earth's
natural materials and processes.
- includes the study of the
Earth’s atmosphere, oceans and
weather.
- it begins with an investigation
of the rocks and minerals.

24. Properties of Rocks
1. Rocks exhibit different properties
as to color, rocks may be dark,
light, reddish, gray, brown, yellow
or even black.
2. Rocks differ in texture: some are
fine, others are rough.
3. Some are glossy and smooth to
touch.
4. Rocks are hard, others are brittle.

25. Classification of Rocks
1. Igneous rocks – derived from the
Latin word ignis which means fire.
- formed by cooling and
crystallization of hot, molten rock
material called magma.
- when magma reaches the surface
of the Earth it is called lava.

26. Classification of Rocks
2. Sedimentary rocks – from the
word “sediment” which
means “to settle at the
bottom”.
- are rocks that have formed
from different material
deposits on earth’s surface.

27. Sedimentary rocks may be
classified into two:
 Clastic
ex. Conglomerate, breccis,
sandstone, shale, calcite,
halite and gypsum.
 2. Nonclastic

28. 3. Metamorphic rocks – meta means
“change” and morph means
“form”
- are rocks that are formed from
igneous or sedimentary rocks
that were exposed to high
pressure, high temperature or a
combination of both, deep
below the Earth surface.

29. Kinds of Metamorphic rocks
- are classified as foliated or
banded (nonfoliated)
Foliated – slates, phylittes and
gneiss
Nonfoliated – marble, quartzite,
and serpentine.

30. Marble – is changed from pure
limestone.
Quartzite – forms from a
sandstone.
Serpentine – is metamorphosed
into basalt.