Code-switching,Code borrowing

3. Is a term in Sociolinguistics referring to the use of more
than one language or variety in conversation.
It is syntactically and phonolically appropriate use of
language
Some commentators say that it is the lack of language
ability and some others say,it is a normle and natural
product of interaction between bilingual speaker’s
language.

4. Intersentential CS:
Switching from one language to another for whole
sentences at a time
Where were you yesterday?Main ne boht intezar kia
but you did not come.
Intrasentential CS:
Switching languages in the middle of the a sentence
It is used to emphasize the particular word,idiom
Wo baby boht sweet hai.

5. Situational CS:
The switching of languages according to situations
In different domains people speak different
languages
English with teachers(more formal),urdu with
friends and another language at home
Metaphorical CS:
Switching of a language based on speakers
intimacy and solidarity
Grandparents talk about Punjabi literature always
in native language(Urdu,Punjabi)

6. It is referred to bilingual conversationalists who
are engaged in code-switching almost everyday.
With different kinds of people they have different
level of interaction and that is why they switch
from one register to another
With boss they might use English
language,another language with friends and
different language at home

7. It concentrates on the immediate discourse
factors such as lexical need,the topic and
setting of discussion and to create the single or
group identity and solidarity.

8. Children who learn multiple languages
simultaneously,also learn their appropriate use
That is why a child whose mother is Spanish
speaks Spanish mother and English with British
father
The native speakers of language do the same
thing with different levels of formality
Correct tone on the paper-better grade
Informle grammar in paper-bad impression

9. Mentalist Chomsky says that the rules of grammar
are innate calling them universal grammar and a
child exposure to a particular language is the use
of that knowledge
Behaviourists oppose this theory saying that
language is learnt by reinforcement and imitation.

10. 1. To communicate more effectively
2. To emphasize a point
3. To help mood of the speaker
4. Habitual experience
5. Semantic significance
6. To attract the attention of reader/listener
7. To show linguistic skills
8. To facilitate the language
9. To show ethnicity
10. Floor holding

11. To ease communication, i.e., Utilizing the shortest
and the easiest route
To communicate more effectively
To establish goodwill and support
One wishes to create a certain communication
effect
One wishes to exclude another person from the
dialogue

12. Switching is also used to emphasize a point.
Gal (1979) reports an example from
English/German code switching and stressed that
switching from English to German is a means of
adding more force to the statement.
David (2003) uses the courtroom environment to
show switching from dominant Bahasa Malaysia
to English is to emphasize an important point to
the judge

13. Malik (1994) claims that usually when bilinguals
are tired or angry, code switching takes place with
a new dimension.
when the speaker is in the right state of mind,
he/she can find the appropriate word or
expression in the base language.
From (x,y) languages, language Y may be more
available at the point of time when the speaker has
a disturbed mind.

14. Malik.(1994) stresses the fact that code switching
often occurs in fixed phrases of greeting and
parting, commands and request, invitation,
expressions of gratitude and discourse markers
such as Oyes (listen), you know or pero (but),
whereas Hoffman (1971) reports that in Puerto
Rican homes, the mother gives short commands
to their children in English, such as Don’t do
that…. and the rest of the mother’s warning will be
in Spanish.

15. Malik (1994), Gumperz (1970, 1976, 1982), and
Gumperz and Hernandez (1972) all stresses that
switching at a particular moment conveys
semantically significant information. It is a
communicative resource that builds on
participant’s perception of two languages. Lexical
choice conveys meaning during codeswitching.
Gal (1979) reinforced this view by stating that
listeners interpret codeswitching as an indicator
of the speaker’s attitude, or communicative intents
and emotions as code switching is a tool for
conveying appropriate linguistic and social
information.

16. Malik (1994) shows that in advertisements (in both,
written as well as in spoken) in India,
codeswitching is used to attract the attention of
the readers/listeners. In English newspaper when
the readers come across non-English, either Hindi
or any one of the other Indian languages, the
reader’s attention is automatically drawn to
depend on the language background he/she
originates from. A similar situation prevails in
advertisements that involve audio and video
output.

17. To capture attention, i.e., Stylistic, emphatic,
emotional
To emphasize a point
One wants to make a point
To emphasize a point
To attract attention

18. A word from one language
that has been adapted for use
in another.

19. Greek word “etymon”– the true sense of a word
Refers to its origin and historical development.
Its earliest known use.
Etymology – studies word histories.

20. According to “The American Heritage Dictionary
of the English Language”, the definition of the
word disaster is "an occurrence causing
widespread destruction and distress”
Etymology–great misfortunes on the influence of
the stars
In the late 16th century
Shakespeare– “King Lear”
Old Italian word “disastro” means “unfavorable
to one’s stars”

21. Latin root word– “astrum”
Modern– “astronomy” – star
With negative Latin prefix dis— (“apart”) added
to astrum– (“star”)
This word in Latin, Old Italian, and Middle French
conveyed same idea “evil influence of a star or
planet or catastrophe”
So, today’s definition is obsolete.

22. CODE BORROWING

23.  The adoption of a word from one language into the
lexicon to the other .
( C.F Claque )
 Borrowing is the process of acquiring loan words.
(Encyclopedia of Language and learning)

24.  Code borrowing is the process whereby one language
absorbs words and expression , and possibly sounds and
grammatical forms , from another Language and adopts
them to its own use .

25.  Mayer Scotton
Use Social approach
 Shau ne Paplack
Use structural approach
APPROACHES TO DISTINGUISH B/W CODE
SWITCHING AND CODE BORROWING

26.  According to Mayer Scotton frequency use of
words should be criteria to judge where it is
Borrowed or Switched .
 Paplack has proposed morpho –syntactic and
phonological integration of foreign words into the
recipient language .

27. She has proposed three criteria
Phonological : sound system
Morphological : morphological system
Syntactical : sentence structure

28. Mixed language– old name “Rekhta”– means
“mixed one”
Took its shape in the region of Punjab and Delhi
during the Ghaznawī and the early Sultanate
period
First mingling of the Hindu-Muslim cultures
occurred causing a productive intermixture of
Persian, Turkish and Arabic languages
It attained a literary status in the South before it
was employed by the writers in the North
Became popular during the post-Aurengzeb
period in the beginning of the 18thC

29. Center shifted from Delhi to Lucknow and other
places till the establishment of the Fort William
College at Calcutta.
In the course of centuries, Urdu borrowed
thousands of words and phrases from Arabic,
Persian, Turkish, Hindi and also from European
languages.
According to Farhang-e-āsafiyah, there are about
73% words of Indian origin in Urdu, 26% words are
of Arabic, Persian and Turkish origin, and
approximately 1% words from European
languages

30.  shādi-biyāh – ‘marriage’
 dhan-daulat – ‘wealth’
 dangā-fasād –
‘disturbance’
 bāl-bache – ‘children’
 hansi-mazāq – ‘joke’, ‘wit’
 eelchi – ‘an ambassador’,
 atāliq – ‘a private tutor’,
‘an
instructor’
 Chāq – ‘active’, ‘alert’
The suffix /ci/ is common in
Turkish words
 Toopci – ‘gunner’
 Bāwarci – ‘cook’
Words with Hindi and
Persian or Arabic origin
Words borrowed in
Urdu from Turkish

31.  /gulāb/ – ‘rose’
 /seb/ – ‘apple’
 bādām/ – ‘almond’
 /takyāh/ – ‘pillow’
 /cādar/ – ‘sheet
 /kāGhaz/ – ‘paper
 /siyāhi/ – ‘ink’
 /diwār/ – ‘a wall’
 /sipāhī/ – ‘soldier’
 /shādi/ – wedding’
 /chahlum/ – the fortieth day of
mourning’
 /mazdūr/ – ‘a labourer’
 /mizāj/ – ‘temper’,
‘disposition’, ‘health’
 /mazār/ – ‘shrine’
 /mahal/ – ‘palace’
 /qalām/ – ‘pen’
 /mubligh/ – ‘sum’, ‘quantity’
 /bāqi/ – ‘balance’, ‘arrears’
 /kursi/ – ‘chair’
 /qīmāh – ‘minced meat’
 /lihāf/ – ‘quilt’
 /qamis/ – ‘shirt’
PERSIAN WORDS ARABIC WORDS

32.  Examples of borrowed words in English language
are:
 “thug” is a borrowed word in American English
from Hindi language.
 “bouquet” is borrowed in English from French
language.
 “tsunami” is another word used in English
language for a massive tidal wave as a result of
earthquake is originally from Japanese language.
FEW EXAMPLES:_

33.  Human culture is open for diffusion and than
borrowing. According to Sapir (1921:205), “we
know that myths, religious ides, types of social
organizations, industrial devices and other features
of culture may spread from point to point making
themselves at home in culture to which they were at
one time alien”.
 So, any aspect of human culture can diffuse from
community to community.
DIFFUSION:_

34.  Human language as a cultural trait open for
diffusion. When two languages are in contact they
diffuse first and than borrowed one another’s
characteristics.
 Linguistic diffusion is geographically determined.

35.  Diffusion at phonic level: People naturally tend to
accommodate pronunciation with those with whom
they interact.
 Diffusion at lexical level: Names in a contact
language for a new tool or animal or idea may get
borrowed from one language to an other after
diffusion.
DIFFUSION AT DIFFERENT LEVELS:_

36.  Diffusion at grammatical level: Sapir was of the
opinion that grammatical forms are highly resistant
to diffuse and to borrow.

37.  Sometimes a borrowed from a recipient language
comes back to original donor language, this
process is called reborrowing.
REBORROWING:_