2. Of 77 billionbillion
peoplespeoples
11 billions arebillions are
Hungry..Hungry..
World Food Demand Scenario
We need to increase food
production by 50% by 2030
and by 70–100% by 2050.
2
Global harvest initiative -2011Global harvest initiative -2011
FAO -2010FAO -2010
3. Constrains in Food Production
Plant diseases
Major Threat to global food security
Also reduces the Crop quality
3
Jia et al., 2000
5. Genes in plant genomes that convey
plant disease resistance against
pathogens by producing R proteins
Encode putative receptors that
respond to the products of ‘Effector
genes’ expressed by the pathogen
during infection.
Majority contains conserved domains
(essential for perception/signal
transduction activity)
• Nucleotide binding site (NBS),
• leucine rich repeats (LRR), and a
• Serine /threonine protein kinase.
What are Resistance Genes (R-Genes)
5
6. (NBS: nucleotide-binding site; LRR: leucine-rich repeat; TIR: Toll-interleukin-1 receptor; CC: coiled-
coil; TM: transmembrane domain; PK: Protein Kinase; WRKY: WRKY domain; B-lectin: bulb-type
mannose specific binding lectin domain).
Classes of R-Genes
6
Martin et al., 2003
7. 7
Plant proteins belonging to
the nucleotide-binding site–
leucine-rich repeat (NBS-
LRR) family are used for
pathogen detection.
(R-PROTEIN)
Harmful organism
Recognition by
resistance protein
Signal to cell
nucleus
Genetic
material
Defense
Response Defense protein
(R-PROTEIN)
Outsideplantcell
Insideplantcell
Diagram of a plant disease resistance protein in action. A portion of the protein
(MAROON) lies outside the cell and specifically recognises the harmful organism.
The remaining portion of the protein (RED) resides inside the cell and
communicates a signal to the plant’s genetic material, which in turn stimulates a
defense response against the invading organism.
R-Gene in Action
NBS-LRR
PROTEIN
(R-GENE)
8. It has concerted responses can efficiently Halt the pathogen
growth with minimal collateral damage to the plant
Dozens of R genes, against many different pathogens, have now
been cloned from a variety of plants
The vast majority of genes cloned so far belong to the NBS-LRR,
LRR, or LRR-Kinase super families
These super families were initially identified in tomato, tobacco
and Arabidopsis by map-based cloning or transposon tagging.
8
10. Features of R genes
Follows gene for gene hypothesis
Co-evolve
predominantly inherited
Highly polymorphic
Majority of them code for specific receptors
(Proteins, enzymes, antimicrobial compounds)
10
11. R gene – discovery approachesR gene – discovery approaches
Map based cloning
Molecular markers map + BAC libraries screening
Transposon tagging
Mutational R gene Enrichment Sequencing
(MutRenSeq)
11
12. Map based cloning
It otherwise called as
Positional Cloning.
First plant resistance
gene (Pto) isolated using
Map Based cloning
Using the genetic
relationship between a
gene and a marker as the
basis of Map based cloning.
12
14. Transposon Tagging
It was first recognized by McClintock
It is an insertion based technique.
Transposon mutagenesis in plants has become an increasingly
useful tool for gene discovery.
A transposable element is a DNA sequence that has the ability to
change its location in the genome, i.e., it can transpose from one
location to another in the genome.
14
15. Transposon tagging describes isolation of genes using transposable
elements as gene tags.
When a transposon integrates within a gene, the gene function is
lost.
The inserted fragment is usually a well characterized transposable
element, most of which has been sequenced
Gene can be easily recognize by sequence of the inserted fragment.
15
17. Transposon tagging has been used to isolate several genes in
Maize (e.g. A1, A2, BZ2, C1, C2, opaque2, R, P, etc.),
Tomato (cf-9, Dem, etc.)
Tobacco (cf-4A, N)
A major limitation of the method is the low frequency
of transposition.
Most species lack active transposons
Limitations:
Examples :
17
18. Mutational R gene ENrichment Sequencing
(MutRenSeq)
Scientists at the John Innes Centre (JIC) and The Sainsbury
Laboratory (TSL) have pioneered a new gene detecting technology
called MutRenSeq
It is used to accurately pinpoints the location of disease resistance
genes in large plant genomes.
We can very quickly locate resistance genes from crops, clone them
and stack multiple resistance genes into our elite variety.
It has reduced the time it takes to clone the genes into crops from 5
to 10 years down to 2 years.
18
20. Using Ethyl Methane Sulfonate, a chemical known for causing
genetic variations.
Mutagenized seeds called M1 generation, the plants are generated
self pollinated and make M2 Families
EMS mutagenesis of resistant plant, creation of independent M2
families and screening for susceptible mutants
EMS Mutagenesis
20
21. R gene ENrichment Sequencing
RenSeq - involves capturing fragments from a genomic or cDNA
library using biotinylated RNA oligonucleotides designed to be
complementary to the NBS-LRR-encoding genes of a reference
genome
Target enrichment using a NBS-LRR–specific bait library and
sequencing of the wild-type and susceptible mutants
Sequences sources were derived from publicly available gene
annotations
21
22. A de novo assembly of the enriched sequences of the resistant
wild type is used as a reference for mapping.
Subsequent SNV and presence/absence calls are integration and
scoring.
Data analysis and candidate calling
22
23. Wild type Resistant Plant
Clear phenotype associated with single gene
EMS screen and identify loss-of-function mutants
Assumption of the structure of target gene (e.g. NB-LRR)
Advantages:
No reference required
No fine mapping
No BAC library
No problems due to suppressed recombination
Time saving
Requirement
23
24. Case StudyCase Study
Wheat RustWheat Rust
(Puccinia triticina)
(Puccinia striiformis)
(Puccinia graminis)
24
Burkhard et al., Apr 2016.
25. Wild type Resistant plant
EMS 6 Susceptible
mutants (1300
M2 Plants)
RenSeq
Wild-type & 6
mutants
Data
Analysis
Total mutations ~ 44 to 84
23 contigs that were mutated in 2 mutants
3 contigs that were mutated in 3 mutants
Single 3,408-bp contig, that contained
independent mutations in 5 of the 6 mutants
Wild-type assembly
&
Identified a contig
carried mutation in N-
terminal region of the
same gene
Joined the contigs to obtain the
full-length sequence of the
predicted open reading frame
CandidateCandidate
genegene (Sr22(Sr22))
25
Work flow
27. Pesticides can control these diseases but they are harmful to
environment and very expensive.
Wild relatives of domesticated crops contain many useful disease
resistance (R) genes. Introducing this natural resistance is an smart way
of managing disease.
Benefits of using the plant resistance genes in resistance breeding
programs include
Efficient reduction of pathogen growth,
Minimal damage to the host plant,
Zero input of pesticides from the farmers (Economical)
Eco friendly nature of such crops
We have to adapt new technologies that helps to enhance the
disease resistance and productivity.
Conclusion
27
The plant resistance proteins are classified based on the presence of conserved domains, which contain 14 groups (a, b, c…n) corresponding to different R protein types in Table 1 respectively. Three novel R proteins (Xa13, Xa5 and Xa27) do not contain any conserved motifs that are known in R proteins.
. R genes offer an economical and environmentally responsible solution to control plant disease, and cloning of these genes would enable durable R gene deployment strategies.
Xa4,5,13,21
Xa 4, xa 21 domin
Xa 5 paritial dominace
Xa 13 recessive
1.Clone a known a gene with scorable phenotypic effect
2. TE is transposed to this gene to get an unstable allele (Mutant)
3. This unstable allele is cloned and TE is isolated from this unstable allelei
4.The TE is transposed to a gene of interest with known phenotypic effect, to produce unstable allele
4.The DNA extracted from this mutant
5.TE sequence is used as a probe to isolate and clone the mutant gene (carrying
Inserted TE)
3 Step Method:
Creating mutants from resistant wild type plants and identifying those with loss of disease resistance,
Sequencing genomes of both wild type resistant plants and those which have lost resistance
comparing these genes in mutants and wild
types to identify the exact mutations responsible for the loss of disease resistance
MutRenSeq begins with creating mutations in wildtype Resistant plants resulting in a variety without that resistance
EMS produces random mutations in genetic material by nucleotide substitution
The Ethyl group of EMS reacts with guanine in DNA, Forming the abnormal base O-6-ethylguanine
G:C become A:T (transition Mutation)
Briefly, 500 ng of the prepared libraries were hybridized in hybridization buffer (10× SSPE, 10× Denhardt’s solution, 10 mM EDTA, 0.2% SDS) to the biotinylated RNA baits for 40 h at 65 °C. After hybridization, bound DNA was recovered using magnetic streptavidin-coated beads
The enriched libraries were paired-end sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq
Primary data from wild type used as a reference, Raw data of each mutant and wild type was aligned to the wild-type assembly
De novo assembled wild-type contigs were aligned to source sequences of the bait library using BLASTn26
Using the mpileup format, potentially mutated nucleotide positions were identified