1. Audio Media Resources

2. Audio Audio is a sound that lies within the range of sensitivity of the human ear. It has a frequency of approximately 20- 20 000 hertz.

3. Physical Properties of Audio 1. Loudness -physiological sensation sensed in the brain 2. Pitch -subjective impression about the frequency of sound 3. Duration

4. Hearing vsListening Hearing is a physiological process in which sound waves entering the outer ear is transmitted to the eardrum, converted in the middle ear, and changed in the inner ear into electrical impulses to the brain.

5. Hearing vs Listening Listening on the other hand, is a psychological process that begins with receiving the sound, then, identification and recognition of specific auditory signals and ends in comprehension

6. Audio Media ResourcesAudio formats

7. Audio Tapes Advantages of Using Cassette Tapes 1. Durable 2. Economical 3. Easy to use 4. Requires little storage space

8. Audio Tapes Disadvantages of Using Cassette Tapes 1. Prone to noise 2. Tape sometimes sticks or tangles 3. Poor Frequency response and over-all quality vs. CD’s

9. Compact Discs Advantages of Using Compact Discs 1. Random search 2. Very durable 3. No background noise 4. High fidelity

10. Compact Discs Disadvantages of Using Compact Discs 1. Initial expense of equipment 2. Impractical to prepare locally 3. sensitive to movements

11. MPEG/ WAVE MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer 3) audio compression file format that makes large audio files available by shrinking them into smaller files. It is an “open” standards, which means it is available to anyone who has access to the internet. It relies on sampling frequencies, multiple channels and compression algorithms.

12. MPEG/ WAVE Advantage of Using Wave File 1. High quality of audio files 2. Use of multiple channels for the sound

13. MPEG/ WAVE Disadvantages of Using Wave File 1. confusion and complications among users 2. very large files

14. Audio Media ResourcesApplication to education

15. Application 1. Audio may be used by a teacher to bring into the classroom sounds which are of significance to the learning process 2. Enhances learning of verbal information 3. Ideal for teaching foreign language. Audio resources allow students to hear words pronounced by native speakers 4. Useful for those who have reading difficulties, or are nonreaders

16. Application 5. It can be used as mood music for some subjects like arts. 6. Audio is frequently used in rhythmic activities like dancing. 7. Related songs can be used as a motivation for a class discussion. 8. Animal voice audio can be used in teaching different animal sounds to kindergarten students

17. Application 9. Audio book may be used to assess students’ listening comprehension 10. Recorded audio of historical speeches and lines of prominent people in the past can be used to create an interesting atmosphere in Social Studies class. 11. Catchy tunes can help students memorize Math formula 12. Radio drama can be used as an activity to assess students’ speech capability

18. Audio Media Resourcespros and cons

19. Pros 1. Inexpensive 2. Readily available and simple to use 3. Reproducible 4. Repeatable 5. Portable

20. Pros 6. Ease of lesson preparation instructors can record their own audio taped lessons easily and economically 7. Selections are easy to locate 8. Resistance to damage

21. Pros 1. Fixed sequence it is difficult to scan audio materials as you would do on printed text materials 2. Doesn’t monitor attention 3. Difficulty in Pacing 4. Difficulty in Locating Segment 5. Potential for accidental erasure

22. References Hewitt, Paul. Conceptual Physics. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc.,1997. Smaldino, Sharon et al. Instrucational Technology and Media for Learning. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson/Merill Prentice Hall, 2005. “Audio” .<http://searchciomidmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci211617,00.html> “Audio Equipment”. <www.wikipedia.com> Bullough,. Creating Instructional Materials. 1988