2. What is Review of Related Literature
(RRL)?
A literature review is an evaluative report of
information found in the literature related to your
selected area of study.
A literature is an oral or written record of man’s
significant experiences that are artistically conveyed
in a prosaic manner.
A review of related literature is the process of
collecting, selecting, and reading books, journals,
reports, abstracts, and other reference materials.
3. WHAT MAY BE INCLUDED IN THE RRL?
1. Background information about the problem and related
concepts.
2. Theories that explain the existence of the problem and the
possible connection between certain factors and the problem
3. Data that confirms the existence and seriousness of the
problem
4. General and specific findings of studies related to the
problem
5. Recommendations for further study given in related studies
4. PURPOSE OF RRL:
1. To obtain background knowledge of your
research
2. To relate your study to the current condition or
situation of the world
3. To show the capacity of your research work to
introduce new knowledge
4. To expand, prove, or disprove the findings of
previous research studies
5. 5. To increase your understanding of the underlying
theories, principles, or concepts of your research
6. To explain technical terms involved in your research
study
7. To highlight the significance of your work with the kind
of evidence it gathered to support the conclusion of your
research
8. To avoid repeating previous research studies
9. To recommend the necessity of further research on a
certain topic.
6. THREE BASIC TYPES OF LITERATURE
SOURCES
The term sources refer to print, electronic or visual materials
necessary for your research. Sources are classified into primary,
secondary and tertiary.
Examples of primary sources:
Letters / correspondence, diaries, memoirs, autobiographies, official or research
reports, patents and designs and empirical research articles.
Examples of secondary sources:
Academic journal articles, conference proceedings, books, documentaries
Examples of tertiary sources:
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, handbooks, atlas
8. You should always cite other people’s words, ideas, and
other intellectual property that you use in your paper or
that influence your ideas. This includes but is not
limited to:
1. books
2. journal articles
3. web pages
4. reports
5. data
6. statistics
7. speeches
8. lectures
9.personal interview
9. The following are the terms used to express your
appreciation for or recognition of people’s ownership of
barrowed ideas:
1. Acknowledgement – the beginning portion of the work
that indentifies individuals who have contributed something
for the production of the paper
2. References or Bibliography – a complete list of all
reading materials, including books, journals, periodicals, etc.
from where the borrowed ideas came from.
3. Citation or In-text Citation – references within the main
body of the text, specifically in RRL.
11. 1. Review the precise definition
of the research problem. Note
the key variables specified in
the study objectives and
hypothesis.
12. 2. Formulate “search terms”
(key words or phrases)
Problem: Adolescents’ Perceptions on the
Effect of Punishment on Self-Esteem
and Academic Performance”
Search term: “punishment and learning”,
“self-esteem and performance”
13. 3. Using indexes of general
references, search for
relevant primary and
secondary sources guided by
the search terms.
14. List in a note of index card the
bibliographical data of the pertinent
information selected as follows:
a. author
b. title
c. name of publication
d. date of publication (include place and
date)
e. pages of the article
16. 1. To give importance and respect to
other people for what they know about
the field.
2. To give authority, validity, and
credibility to other people’s claims,
conclusions and arguments
3. To prove your broad and extensive
reading for authentic and relevant
materials about your topic
17. 4. To help readers find or contact
the sources of ideas easily
5. To permit readers to check the
accuracy of your work
6. To save your self from plagiarism
18. PATTERNS OF CITATION
1. Summary – the citation in this case is a
shortened version of the original text
that is expressed in your own language.
2. Paraphrase – this is the antithesis of
the first one because, here, instead of
shortening the form of the text, you
explain what the text means to you
using your own words.
19. 3. Short Direct Quotation – only a part of the
author’s sentence, the whole sentence, or several
sentences, not exceeding 40 words, is what you
can quote or repeat in writing through this citation
patterns. Since this makes you copy the exact
words of the writer, it is necessary that you give
the number of the page where the readers can find
the copied words.
Example:
Contexts is influenced by these four factors:
“language, culture, institutions, and ideologies.”
(Arandia, 2015,p8)
20. 4. Long Direct Qoutation or Block
Quotation, or Extract – named in
many ways, this citation patterms
makes you copy the author’s exact
words numbering from 40 to 100
words. Under APA (Americam
Psychological Association), the limit is
eight lines.
21. 5. Tense of Verbs for reporting
Active verbs are effective words to
use in reporting author’s ideas.
EXAMPLES:
Present tense – Marcos explains…
Past Tense – Marcos explained…
Present perfect tense – Marcos has
explained
22. PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism is an act of quoting
or copying the exact words of
the writer and passing words off
as your own words.
23. HOW TO CITE IN THE
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
24. A. WORK BY ONE AUTHOR
If you use the author’s name as part of your
sentences, place only the date of publication in
parentheses
Example:
Amante (2001) mentioned the role of the
family in his artice
25. If you give both date and author in your
sentences, you do not need a citation.
Example:
In a 2001 study at EARIST, Sabas
addressed this problem.
If you give neither in your sentence, you must
give both in parentheses.
Example:
According to Pena et al. (2010)……
(Pena et al.,2010) showed……
26. B. WORK BY TWO AUTHORS
Give the names of both authors every time the work is
cited.
Example:
Carino and Sonio (2007) mentioned that …..
27. C. WORK BY THREE, FOUR, OR FIVE
AUTHORS
Give the names of all authors the first time that work is cited.
When the names are given in parentheses, use an ampersand
instead of and.
In later citations, give only the name of the first author,
followed by et al.
Example:
According to Cabrera, Bandoy, Soriano, and Masilang
(2009)…
Recent research (Cabrera, Bandoy, Soriano, &
Masilang, 2009) has shown ……
The researchers (Cabrera et al., 2009) further
hypothesized ……
28. D. WORK BY SIX OR MORE AUTHORS
Give only the last name of the first author followed by et
al.
Example:
Pena et al. (2010) Mentioned…….
According to Pena et al. (2010)………
Vidal et al (2010) concluded that working in a
library is the best job a student can have.
29. E. WORKS WITH NO AUTHOR:
For an in-text citation for a source with
no identified author, your in-text
citation will include the first part of your
reference, usually the title.
When research is completed in a timely
manner, student grades are better (“How to
Succeed”, 2010).
30. F. CORPORATE AUTHOR
Write the acronym. In subsequent in-text
citations, use the acronym only.
According to the National Institute of
Mental Health (NIMH, 2007), high cholesterol
levels are affecting children as well as
adults.
In addition, NIMH(2007) also published the
result of their study to raise awareness to the
community.
33. 1. Sources that directly report or
present a person’s own experiences.
a. Primary Sources
b. Secondary Sources
c. General Sources
d. Tertiary Sources
34. 2. The process of collecting, selecting, and
reading books, journals, reports, abstracts,
and other reference materials.
a. Citation
b. Sources
c. review of related literature
d. Acknowledgement
35. 3. The beginning portion of the work that
identifies individuals who have contributed
something for the production of the paper
a. Citation
b. Sources
c. review of related literature
d. Acknowledgement
36. 4. Sources that report or describe other
people’s experiences or worldviews.
a. Primary Sources
b. Secondary Sources
c. General Sources
d. Tertiary Sources
37. 5. An oral or written record of man’s
significant experiences that are
artistically conveyed in a prosaic manner.
a. Citation
b. Synthesis
c. Literature
d. Sources
38. 6. A complete list of all reading materials,
including books, journals, periodicals, etc.
from where the borrowed ideas came from.
a. References
b. Acknowledgement
c. Citation
d. Sources
39. 7. The citation in this case is a shortened
version of the original text that is
expressed in your own language.
a. Paraphrase
b. References
c. Summary
d. Quotation
40. 8. It is an act of quoting or copying the exact
words of the writer and passing words off as
your own words.
a. Paraphrase
b. References
c. Plagiarism
d. Quotation
41. 9. It is an evaluative report of information
found in the literature related to your
selected area of study.
a. literature review
b. References
c. Sources
d. Citation
42. 10. Which of the following may be included
in Review of Related Literature?
a. Background information about the
problem and related concepts.
b. General and specific findings of studies
related to the problem
c. Recommendations for further study
given in related studies
d. All of the above
43. 11. To obtain background knowledge of your
research
12. To save yourself from plagiarism
13. To expand, prove, or disprove the findings of
previous research studies
14. To increase your understanding of the
underlying theories, principles, or concepts of
your research
15. To give importance and respect to other
people for what they know about the field.
