Part 7 of a course introducing Modernism. Written by Deborah Jackson and James Clegg

1. Modernism in Art: An Introduction DaDA & ?@$ SuRREAl:sm

2. Questions from last week Kasimir Malevich (1915) Black Square and Red Square

3. Theo Van Doesburg (1917) An object aesthetically tranfigured, right, Cow

4. Nelly Van Moorsel as I K Bonset [Doesburg’s Dada Personna]

5. Questions from last week Paul Hindemith in 1923, composer of music of Triadic Ballet

6. Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951)

7. Last week, activity Think of ideas for your own Utopia. What would it be like? What role would artists have in designing this Utopia and what might it look like? Create an Ism to reflect some of your ideas. What would your manifesto state?

8. Modernism in Art: An Introduction DaDA & ?@$ SuRREAl:sm

10. Subversive and irreverent, Dada, more than any other movement, has shaken society's notions of art and cultural production. It was fiercely anti-authoritarian and anti-hierarchical, Dada questioned the myth of originality, of the artist as genius suggesting instead that everybody should be an artist and that almost anything could be art. Surrealism, Constructivism, Lettrism, Situationism, Fluxus, Pop and OpArt, Conceptual Art and Minimalism: most twentieth-century art movements after 1923 have roots to Dada. As we have seen over the past few weeks, a succession of avant-garde movements, for Impressionism and its aesthetic ideas, accelerated at the beginning of the 20th century and culminated in the collapse of the absolute principles of Art, discrediting the academies, and ultimately questioning the usefulness and legitimacy of Art itself. All these were elements that fed Dada’s negation.

11. DaDA & ?@$ SuRREAl:sm This lecture should: Give you an insight in to the reasons motivating anti-art attitudes, irrationality and the assault on culture and communication integral to Dada and Surrealism. Introduce the key artists and ideas of Dada and Surrealism. Allow you to explore the possibilities for chance and nonsense within creative practices.

12. Zurich, 1915 - Hugo Ball and EmmyHennings Cabaret Voltaire

13. Marcel Janco (1919) Mask

14. Hans Arp (1916) Collage Made According to the Laws of Chance

15. Sophie Taeuber (1918) Dada Head (portrait of Hans Arp)

16. Anti-Art used shock, provocation, and irrationality as a weapon against the Establishment it asked the question: what kinds of culture would condone the industrialized murder of WWI it mocked the ‘seriousness’ and sanctity of traditional art it believed that traditional art had been purged and that this new movement was going to start culture from scratch it was created in a ‘child-like’ manner; it believed that the value of art was located more in the act of making than in the work produced

17. Manifestos “What we are celebrating is at once a buffoonery and a requiem mass [...]” “The Dadaist fights against the death-throes and death-drunkeness of his time. Averse to every clever reticence, he cultivates the curiosity of one who experiences delight even in the most questionable forms of insubordination. He knows that this world of systems has gone to pieces, and that the age which demanded cash has organized a bargain a bargain sale of godless philosophies. Where conscience begins for the market-booth owners, mild laughter and mild kindness begin for the Dadaist.” Hugo Ball (1916) Dada Fragments

18. “Dada means nothing” “There is no ultimate Truth. The dialectic is an amusing mechanism which guides us [...] to the opinions we had in the first place. Does anyone think that by a minute refinement of logic he had demonstrated the truth and established the correctness of these opinions? Logic imprisoned by the senses is an organic disease.” “I detest greasy objectivity, and harmony, the science that finds everything in order [...] I am against systems, the most acceptable system ... Is to have none.” Dada Manifesto 1918 Tristan Tzara (1896 – 1963)

19. Dada: sought to liberate art from authority and institutions, definitions and philosophies vehemently opposing conformity, banality and logic encompassed literature, music, drama, photography, and other mediums was a sweeping force that disturbed not only the art world but also the world at large

20. New York Marcel Duchamp (1912) Nude Decending a Staircase

21. Francis Picabia (1915) Ici, c’estici Stieglitz

22. Marcel Duchamp (1915-23) The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors

23. Marcel Duchamp (1914) Bottle Rack Marcel Duchamp (1913) Bicycle Wheel

24. Marcel Duchamp (1917) Fountain

25. Man Ray (1919) Admiration of the Orchestrelle for the Cinematograph

26. Berlin Dada George Grosz, left: (1920) The Engineer Heartfeld. Right: (1917-18) Homage to Oskar Panizza

27. Huelsenbeck’s Manifesto “The highest art will be that which in its conscious content presents the thousand fold problems of the day, the art which has been visibly shattered by the explosions of last week, which is forever trying to collect its libs after yesterdays crash. The best and most extraordinary artists will be those who every hour snatch the tatters of their bodies out of the frenzied cataract of life...” “The word Dada symbolizes the most primitive relation to the reality of the envirnonment; with Dadaism a new reality comes into its own. Life appears as a simultaneous muddle of noises, colours and spiritual rhythums, which is taken unmodified into Dadaist art...” Huelsenbeck 1918

28. RaoulHausmann (1919-20) The Art Critic

29. Hannah Hoch (1919) Cut with the Knife

30. “The Dadaists response to the horrors of war was a profound disillusionment with the patriotism, religion, modern education, and technology that brought about and justified the war” (Stokes, p. 117).

31. Hanover Kurt Schwitters (1919) Construction for Noble Ladies and Merzbaum, begun in 1923, destroyed in 1943

32. Cologne Max Ernst (1921) Celebes

33. Paris Francis Picabia (1921) The Cacodylic Eye

34. Literature Group Andre Breton (1896- 1966)

35. Game - The Exquisite Corpse Andre Breton, Jacqueline Lambaand Yves Tanguy (1938) CadavreExquis

36. Breton’s Manifestos “Surrealism: Psychic automism in its pure state by which one proposes to express – verbally, by means of the written word, or in any other manner – the actual functioning of thought. Dictated by thought, in the absence of any control exercised by reason, exempt from any aesthetic or moral concern.” Manifesto, 1924 “...it was then, and still is today, a question of testing by any and all means, and of demonstrating at any price, the meretricious natures of the old antinomies hypocritically intended to prevent any unusual ferment on the part of man [...] Surrealism was not afraid to make for itself a tenet of total revolt, complete insubordination [...] The simplest Surrealist act consists of dashing down the street, pistol in hand, and firing blindly, as fast as you can pull the trigger, into the crowd.” Second Manifesto, 1930

37. Andre Masson (1925) Furious Suns

38. Andre Masson (1926) Battle of Fishes

39. Surrealism Joan Miro (1938) A Star Caresses the Breast of a Negress (Painting Poem)

40. Man Ray: above, (1929) The Primacy of Matter over Thought, right, (1922) Rayograph

41. (1856- 1959)

42. The information psychoanalysis aims to retrieve from a patient is very intimate. For this information concerns what is most intimate in his mental life, everything that, as a socially independent person, he must conceal from other people, and, beyond that, everything that, as a homogenous personality, he will not admit to himself.

43. Two of the hypotheses of psychoanalysis are an insult to the entire world and have earned its dislike. One of them offends against an intellectual prejudice, the other against an aesthetic and moral one.

44. First... Psychoanalysis declares that mental processes are in themselves unconscious and that all of all mental life it is only certain individual acts and portions that are conscious. In saying this psychoanalysis has from the start frivolously forfeited the sympathy of every friend of sober scientific thought.

45. Second ... Is an assertion that instinctual impulses which can only be described as sexual ... Play an extremely large and never hitherto appreciated part in the causation of nervous and mental diseases. It asserts further that these same sexual impulses also make contributions that must not be underestimated to the highest cultural, artistic and social creations of the human spirit.

46. Yves Tanguy (1927) Extinction of Useless Lights

47. Rene Margritte (1928) The Reckless Sleeper

48. Salvador Dali (1936) Autumnal Cannibalism

49. Rosemarie Trockel , Talbot Rice Gallery Lindsay Seers (2011) It has to be this way2, at the Baltic

50. References Ades, Dawn and Simon Baker (eds.) (2006) Undercover Surrealism. London, Hayward Gallery Publishing. Alexandrian, Sarane (2001 [1970]) Surrealist Art. London, Thames & Hudson. Ball, Hugo (2001 [1916]) Dada Fragments. In Harrison, Charles and Paul Wood (eds.) (2003) Art in Theory: 1900 – 2000. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. Bradley, Fiona (1997) Surrealism. London, Tate. Breton, André (2000) Manifestos of Surrealism. United States, The University of Michigon Press. Dickerman, Leah (ed.) (2005) The Dada Seminars. Washington, National Gallery of Art. Elliot, Patrick (2010) Another World: Dali, Margritte, Miro and the Surrealists. Belgium, Trustees of National Galleries of Scotland. Freud, Sigmund (1986) Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. Middlesex, Penguin Books. Gale, Matthew (1997) Dada & Surrealism. London, Phaidon Press Limited. Huelsenbeck, Richard (2003 [1918]) First German Dada Manifesto. In Harrison, Charles and Paul Wood (eds.) (2003) Art in Theory: 1900 – 2000. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. Richter, Hans (2004 [1965]) Dada: Art and Anti-Art. London, Thames & Hudson. Stokes, Charlotte and Stephen C. Foster (eds.) (1997) The History of Dada: Dada Cologne Hanover. Gale Group.