Everything you need to know about pronouns, types, explanations, examples, online tests

1. What Are Pronouns?
A COMPLETE REVIEW FOR
INDEPENDENT LEARNERS
WITH EXPLANATIONS, EXAMPLES, AND EXERCISES WITH ANSWERS.
mr.jaime.aiu@gmail.com

2. Teach yourself online about PRONOUN CASE
Pronoun: A word used in place of a noun.

3. Contents
1. Essential Vocabulary
2. 12 Types of Pronouns
3. All Pronouns Review
4. Common Errors of Pronouns w/ Verbs
5. BONUS: Pronouns Number Rule
6. BONUS: Prepositions
PRELIMS: #4, #5, #6. See this also.

4. 1. ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
iNTRODUCTION (Part 1)

5. 1. Essential Vocabulary
• Antecedent: When a word refers to another word that comes
before it, that preceding word is its antecedent.
• Case: The subjective case refers to pronouns that are used as
subject of a sentence or clause, or a doers of verbs. The
objective case refers to pronouns that receive the action of
verbs.
• Clause: Like a sentence, a clause is a group of words that
express a complete thought. An independent clause can stand
alone. A dependent clause cannot stand alone because it
begins with a connecting word such as a conjunction or a
preposition.
• Demonstrative Adjectives: Pronouns that point out something
near or far, singular or plural
• Indefinite Pronoun: A pronoun that refers to one or more
unspecified people, objects, or places.
• Subject-Verb Agreement: The subject and verb in a sentence
agree in number (singular or plural) and in gender (masculine
or feminine).

6. Vocabulary: Parts of Speech

7. 2. WHAT ARE PRONOUNS?
Q

8. What Are Pronouns?
• The term pronoun refers to words that take
the place of nouns.
• Some pronouns do not fall easily under the
description of words that replace nouns.
• There are several different kinds of pronouns.
The big list of pronouns in alphabetical order

9. 12 Types of Pronouns
1. Personal Pronouns
2. Subject Pronouns
3. Object Pronouns
4. Demonstrative
Pronouns
5. Demonstrative
Adjectives
6. Interrogative
Pronouns
7. Interrogative
Adjectives
8. Indefinite Pronouns
9. Possessive Pronouns
10.Reciprocal Pronouns
11.Relative Pronouns
12.Reflexive Pronouns
13.Intensive or Emphatic
Pronouns
PRELIMS: #1 to #4. MIDTERMS: #5 to #9. FINALS: #10 to #12

10. 3. WHAT ARE PERSONAL PRONOUNS?
Q

11. The 8 Persons of Personal Pronouns
PERSONS

12. 4 Elements of Personal Pronouns
Whether we know it or not, we all use a personal pronoun
after we determine its:
• Number: Is the personal pronoun representing something
singular or plural?
• Person: Is the personal pronoun representing something:
– In the first person? (This is the speaker himself or a group that
includes the speaker, i.e., I, me, we, and us.)
– In the second person? (This is the speaker's audience, i.e.,
you.)
– In the third person? (This is everybody else, i.e., he, she, it,
they.)
• Gender: Is the personal pronoun representing something
male, female, or neuter?
• Case: Is the personal pronoun representing something
which is a subject or an object?

13. The 3 Types of Personal Pronouns

14. Subject & ObjectPronouns
SUBJECT (DOER) OF A VERB OBJECT (RECEIVER) OF A VERB

15. 4. WHAT ARE SUBJECT PRONOUNS?
Q
NOMINATIVE CASE
• DOERS OF VERBS OF ACTION
• ORIGINS OF VERBS OF BEING
• SOURCES OF PREPOSITIONS

16. Subject or Nominative Pronouns
The list in the preceding slide shows the
subjective (also called nominative) personal
pronouns.
These are called subjective pronouns because
can be used as subjects in a sentence.
These are the pronouns that can be used as the
doers, origins, sources, or subjects of verbs or
prepositions.

17. Subject Pronouns (1)

18. Subject Pronouns (2)

19. Subject Pronouns (3)

20. Subject Pronouns (4)

21. Case Agreement Rule 1
• Only a subject pronoun can be used as
subject of a sentence or as subject of
clause.
–She is happy as I take her picture.
–They are happy when we visit.
–It is behaving as if you are not here.
–These are eating the ones that she made.
–This is mine but that is yours.
–Those are clearer but these are cheaper.

22. Case Agreement Rule 2
• Only a subject pronoun can be used as
doer of a verb of action.
–She smiles whenever I take her picture.
–They jump with joy when we visit.
–It is behaving as if you will not go.
–Those are eating the clothes that she made.
–You must pay me so he can go.
–Who will tame the wind? Neither you nor I.
–Why is not the question; how is.
Interrogative pronouns (question pronouns: who, what, when, where, how, why) can
serve as doers of verbs, subjects of clauses, or subjects of sentences.

23. Case Agreement Rule 3
• Only a subject pronoun can be used as
origin of a verb of being.
–She is happy because I miss her.
–They feel tense when we are depressed.
–It is boiling just like you imagined.
–It is raining as if it was wintertime.
–This will be mine but that is yours now.
–Those are clearer but these are cheaper.
–You must have missed me so badly that you
forgot to eat.

24. 5. WHAT ARE OBJECT PRONOUNS?
Q
• TARGETS OF VERBS OF ACTION
• RECEIVERS OF VERBS OF BEING
• TARGETS OF PREPOSITIONS

25. Object or Target Pronouns
• The objective personal pronouns are me, you,
him, her, it, us, and them.
• These are the pronouns used when the
personal pronouns are objects, such as
– direct objects of verbs
– indirect objects of verbs
– objects of prepositions

26. PRONOUNS IN THE OBJECTIVE CASE

27. What object pronouns do (1)
Pronouns in the objective case receive the actions of verbs.
As object of verbs, object pronouns receive the action of verbs and prepositions.

28. What object pronouns do (2)
Pronouns in the objective case receive the action of verbs
As object of verbs, pronouns can serve as the target of verbs or prepositions.

29. Case Agreement Rule 4
• Only an object pronoun can be used as
receiver of a verb:
–She is happy as I take her away.
–They are happy when we visit them.
–It is behaving as if you are me.
–We are closing them.
–This is me but that is us.
–She likes this but I like these.
–You love him even if he hates you.
–She will choose neither him nor me.

30. Personal Pronouns
SUBJECT (DOER) OF A VERB OBJECT (RECEIVER) OF A VERB
I KNOW
SEE YOUYOU CAN
FOR ME
OR PREPOSITION
TOUCH HIM
LIKE HER
TO US
ON YOU
AMONG THEM
FOLD IT
HE MISSES
SHE GOES
IT ATE
WE SLEPT
YOU ARE
THE WILL BE

31. Case Agreement Rule 5
• Only an object pronoun can be used as receiver
of a preposition (more about prepositions).
–She is happy for her son.
–They are happy when we smile at them.
–It is behaving as if you are with me.
–We are closing in on them.
–This is for me but that is for us.
–She sleeps on this and I sit under these.
–You care for him even if he spits at you.

32. See Also
• What are pronouns?
• The different types of
pronouns?
• What are subjective
personal pronouns?
• What are objective
personal pronouns?
• What are objects?
• What is the subject of a
verb?
• What is number?
• What is person?
• What is gender?
• What is case?
• What are the
possessive adjectives?
• What are the absolute
possessive pronouns?
• What is the objective
case?
• What is the subjective
case?
• Glossary of
grammatical terms

33. 6. WHAT ARE DEMONSTRATIVE
PRONOUNS?
Q

35. Demonstrative Pronouns
These pronouns are used to demonstrate,
indicate, or point out. This, that, these and
those are demonstrative pronouns. Examples:
• This is the one I left in the car. (In this
example, the speaker could be indicating to a
mobile phone, in which case, the pronoun this
replaces the words mobile phone.)
• Shall I take those?
More about demonstrative pronouns
Exercises in using demonstrative pronouns

36. Demonstrative Pronouns
• Like all pronouns, they replace nouns.
• They replace specific ideas that are previously
mentioned or are understood from context.
• A demonstrative pronoun tells us whether it
refers to something
– singular or plural and
– close by or farther away
Are demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adjective the same or not?

37. What Demonstrative Pronouns Do (1)
finished

38. What Demonstrative Pronouns Do (2)
finished

39. Number Agreement Rule 0
• Only a plural pronoun is used to refer to a
plural antecedent.
–I love my family. I’m happy for them.
–The healthy flowers are those that bloom.
–The healthy flower is that that blooms.
–Some flowers are red. Among the roses, only
these are red.
–I saw a rose. I saw this. Yes, this is the rose
that I saw.

40. 7. WHAT ARE DEMONSTRATIVE
ADJECTIVES?
Q

41. Demonstrative Adjectives (1)
• The demonstrative adjectives are the same as
the demonstrative pronouns:
– this, that, these, those
• However, demonstrative adjectives modify
nouns or pronouns. They cannot stand alone
to play the role of a noun.
• For example:

42. Demonstrative Adjectives (2)
Demonstrative adjectives this, that, these, those
modify nouns or pronouns.
• This soup is very smelly.
• You see that factory from here. You see that
one over there.
• These apples smell rotten. These ones smell
rotten.
• Do not paint those fences.

43. 8. WHAT ARE INTERROGATIVE
PRONOUNS?
Q

44. Interrogative Pronouns
• The main interrogative pronouns are who,
whom, whose, which, and what. (Whoever,
whomever, whichever, and whatever can also
be interrogative pronouns.)
• Interrogative pronouns are used to ask
questions.
• The interrogative pronoun represents the
thing that the question is about.

45. Examples of Interrogative Pronouns
Here are some examples of interrogative
pronouns (shaded):
• Who won the race?
• Whom shall we ask?
• Whose did they take?
• Which is the greater?
• What is that?

49. Interrogative Pronouns Ending –ever
The interrogative pronouns with the suffix -ever
are used for emphasis or to show surprise. They
are quite rare. For example:
• Whoever would want to eat such a gross
thing?
• Whatever did you say?

50. 8A. WHAT ARE INTERROGATIVE
ADJECTIVES?
Q

51. 8 Kinds of Adjectives

52. The Interrogative Adjective
Now look at this question:
• Which feat is the greater than that?
This is not an interrogative pronoun. It is an interrogative
adjective.
• This is the feat which is greater than that.
The word which modifies feat. Therefore, it's an adjective.
• How to use interrogative pronouns
• Interrogative Pronouns Exercises
• W Words that are not interrogative pronouns
• Examples of interrogative pronouns
• The nature of interrogative pronouns

53. Interrogative Adjectives

54. Interrogative Adjectives
• Whose shoes are these?
• Which one is the cheapest pair?
• What lesson is the most interesting?

55. Interrogative Adjectives

56. Interrogative Adjectives

57. 9. WHAT ARE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS?
Q

58. Indefinite Pronouns
• Most commonly-used indefinite pronouns: all,
some, any, several, anyone, nobody, each,
both, few, either, none, one and no one.
• This is the largest group of pronouns. There
are two groups: (1) specific and non-specific
and (2) singular and plural
• How to use indefinite pronouns [Examples] [Test]
• Indefinite pronouns [Complete list] [Explanations]
• Avoid mistakes in using indefinite pronouns [1] [2]
• Indefinite pronouns exercise with answers [1] [2]

59. Indefinite Pronouns & Number Agreement
• Do indefinite pronouns use a plural or a
singular verb?
• See the answer here.

60. Quick-Help Codigos
• Indefinite Pronouns List and Key.doc
• Indefinite Pronouns by Type and Number.doc
• Singular Indefinite Pronouns.doc
• Singular Indefinite Pronoun Chart.doc
• Singular Indefinite Pronoun Chart KEY.doc
• Indefinite Pronouns: Subject-Verb Agreement
• Indefinite Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement:
Number

61. 10. WHAT ARE POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS?
Q

62. What Are Possessive Pronouns?
• Possessive pronouns show ownership.
• The term possessive pronoun covers
possessive adjectives and absolute possessive
pronouns.
The possessive pronouns are:

63. Personal Pronouns: 2 Possessive Cases
Person Subjective Case Objective Case
Possessive Case
Possessive
Adjective
Possessive
Pronouns
First Person
Singular
I me my mine
Second Person
Singular
you you your yours
Third Person
Singular
he/she/it him/her/it his/her/its his/hers/its
First Person Plural we us our ours
Second Person
Plural
you you your yours
Third Person
Plural
they them their theirs
A possessive pronoun can be a receiver of a verb: a possessive adjective cannot.

64. Receiver or Target Pronouns

65. Case Agreement Rule 6
• A possessive pronoun can be used as
receiver of a verb:
–She is happy as I take hers away.
–They are happy when we visit theirs.
–It is behaving as if you are mine.
–We are closing theirs.
–This is me but that is ours.
–She likes hers but I like his.
–You love his even if he hates yours.
–She will choose neither his nor mine.

66. Case Agreement Rule 7
• A possessive pronoun can be used as receiver
of a preposition (more about prepositions).
–I’m happy for my family, she is happy for hers.
–They are happy when we smile at theirs.
–It is behaving as if you are with mine.
–We are closing in on theirs.
–This is for her parents, but that is for ours.
–She sits on our bed and I sit under yours.
–He cares for my art even if I spit at his.

67. Possessive Pronouns & Adjectives
Possessive Adjectives
•my
•your
•his
•her
•its
•our
•their
•whose
Absolute
Possessive
Pronouns
•mine
•yours
•his
•hers
•ours
•theirs

68. Possessive Pronouns: 2 Types
TYPE 1:
Subject Complement (describes the subject)
Adjective (describes a noun)
TYPE 2:
Possessive Pronoun (shows ownership)

69. Possessive Pronouns Replace Nouns (1)
• Possessive pronouns are used to indicate who
(or what) owns something.
• Like all pronouns, possessive pronouns take
the place of nouns in sentences.
Look at these examples:

70. Possessive Pronouns Replace Nouns (2)
• Take Sarah's car to the party.
• Take her car to the party.
–(In this example, the possessive adjective
her replaces Sarah.)
• Take hers to the party.
–(In this example, the absolute possessive
pronoun hers replaces Sarah's car.)

71. Examples of Possessive Pronouns
• The next slides show examples of
possessive pronouns.
• The examples include possessive
adjectives.
• The examples include absolute
possessive pronouns.

72. • Take her spoon and put it by your plate. (These are
both possessive adjectives.)
• His view is that it's come to the end of its working
life. (These are both possessive adjectives.)
• Anyone who goes to a psychiatrist ought to have
his head examined. (Samuel Goldwyn, 1882-1974)
(This is a possessive adjective.)
• Humans are the only animals that have children
on purpose with the exception of guppies, who
like to eat theirs. (P J O'Rourke) (This is an absolute
possessive pronoun.)
• We cherish our friends not for their ability to
amuse us, but for ours to amuse them. (Evelyn
Waugh, 1903-1966) (our and their = possessive
adjectives / ours = absolute possessive pronoun)

73. See Also:
• What are possessive
adjectives?
• What are absolute
possessive pronouns?
• What are adjectives?
• What are nouns?
• What are pronouns?
• Indefinite adjectives
• Interrogative
adjectives
• Predicate adjectives
• Glossary of
grammatical terms

74. Possessive Nouns: Apostrophe S

75. 11. WHAT ARE RECIPROCAL
PRONOUNS?
Q

76. What Are Reciprocal Pronouns?
The term “reciprocate” means “to return an
action”.
A reciprocal pronoun expresses a mutual action
or relationship.
In English, the reciprocal pronouns are:
• Each other
• One another

77. Examples of Reciprocal Pronouns
• Jack and Jill hate each
other. (Note: Jack hates
Jill, and Jill hates Jack. The
action is reciprocated.)
• The crayfish starting
attacking one another.
• The team members
played their hearts out
for one another.
• They gave each other
presents.
• Have you seen each
other's solution? (Note:
Each other is treated as
singular. Therefore, the
possessive apostrophe is
placed before the s.)
• The competitors were
deliberately blocking one
another's view to gain an
advantage. (Note: One
another is treated as
singular. Therefore, the
possessive apostrophe is
placed before the s.)

78. Each Other or One Another? (1)
Here's the quick answer:
• If the antecedent is two things, use each
other.
• If it's more than two, use one another.

79. Each Other or One Another? (2)
Here's a longer explanation:
• A reciprocal pronoun is used when at least
one thing reciprocates another's action (i.e.,
does the same thing back).
• As a result, the antecedent of a reciprocal
pronoun (i.e., what it refers back to) is always
something plural.

80. Each Other or One Another? (3)
For example:
• Our dog and cat love each other. (Here, the
antecedent of each other is our dog and cat,
which is plural.)
• They love each other. (Here, the antecedent
of each other is they, which is plural. In this
example, they refers to our dog and cat.)

81. Each Other or One Another? (4)
• Each other: When the antecedent is two
things (like in both examples in the preceding
slide), use each other as the reciprocal
pronoun.
• Another: However, when the antecedent is
three or more things, use one another.

82. Each Other or One Another? (5)
For example:
• Our two dogs and your cat love one another.
(Here, the antecedent of one another is our
two dogs and your cat, which is three things.)
• They love one another. (Here, the antecedent
of one another is they, which we know
represents three things.)

83. Each Other's Not Each Others'
The pronouns each other and one another are
singular entities (despite having plural
antecedents). Therefore, when showing
possession, the apostrophe comes before the s.
This is a 100% rule.
• Do you two admire each other's courage?
– Each other is treated as singular. Therefore, the
possessive apostrophe is placed before the s.
• Do you three admire one another's courage?
– One another is treated as singular. Therefore, the
possessive apostrophe is placed before the s.

84. What types of pronoun are these?

85. See Also:
• What is an
antecedent?
• What are pronouns?
• The different types of
pronouns
• Demonstrative
pronouns
• Indefinite pronouns
• Interrogative
pronouns
• Personal pronouns
• Possessive pronouns
• Relative pronouns
• Reflexive pronouns
• Glossary of
grammatical terms

86. WHAT ARE RELATIVE PRONOUNS?
PART 7

87. What Are Relative Pronouns?
A relative pronoun relates a noun to its
description.
A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces
an adjective clause.
In English, the relative pronouns are:
• That
• Which
• Who
• Whom
• Whose

88. Relative Pronouns: Identify a Noun (1)
A relative pronoun is used to start a description
for a noun.
This description is called an adjective clause or a
relative clause.
The description comes after the noun to (1)
identify it.

89. Relative Pronouns: Identify a Noun (2)
For example:
• The lady who made your dress is waiting
outside.
– The noun is the lady. The relative pronoun is who.
The adjective clause identifying the lady is shaded.
• I saw the dog which ate the cake.
– The noun being identified is the dog.
• We did not know the tune that had been
playing.
– The noun being identified is the tune.

90. Relative Pronouns: Modify a Noun (1)
A relative pronoun is used to start a description
for a noun.
This description is called an adjective clause or a
relative clause.
The description comes after the noun to (2) tell
us more information about it.

91. Relative Pronouns: Modify a Noun (2)
For example:
• Mrs. Miggins, who owns a pie shop, is waiting
outside.
– The noun is Mrs. Miggins. The adjective clause
tells us some information about her.
• I rode my bike, which now had two flat tires,
back home.
– The noun is my bike. The adjective clause tells us
some information about it.

92. Relative Pronouns: People & Things
Your choice of relative pronoun is determined by
whether it refers to a person or a thing.
Your choices are:
• Who and whom refer to people.
• Which refers to things.
• That and whose refer to people or things.
– Many do not like using that for people.
– Avoid using that for people, particularly in formal
writing.

93. Relative Pronouns: Different Cases
Your choice of relative pronoun is not just
determined by whether it refers to people or
things.
It is also determined by the role the relative
pronoun plays in its clause.
For example:

94. 9 Cases of Relative Pronouns
People or Things Subjective Case Objective Case Possessive Case
People
who
(The boy who rang
the bell)
whom
(The boy whom you
met)
whose
(The boy whose
bike was stolen)
Things
which
(The candle which
melted)
which
(The candle which
you made)
whose
(The candle whose
wick had snapped)
People or Things
that
(The dog that bit
the postman)
that
(The dog that the
postman hates)
whose
(The dog whose
bark sounds like
cough)

95. Prepositions with Which and Whom
When whom or which is the object of a
preposition, you can start the adjective clause
with the preposition (unlike the relative
pronoun). For example:
• The council will meet Professor Dobbs, from
whom they expect an apology.
• My greatest concern was the tide, against
which we stood little chance.

96. Prepositions with Which and Whom
It is not a mistake to leave the preposition at the
end of the clause. However, some readers might
think it is a bit informal, more so if the preposition
also ends the sentence.
Therefore, in formal writing, try to avoid ending a
sentence in a preposition. However, if doing so
makes your sentence sound stilted, then either try
to reword your sentence or just leave your
preposition at the end.
Read more about ending sentences in prepositions.

97. See Also:
• What is an adjective
clause?
• What is the subjective
case?
• What is the objective
case?
• What is the possessive
case?
• What are pronouns?
• The different types of
pronouns
• Demonstrative
pronouns
• Indefinite pronouns
• Interrogative pronouns
• Personal pronouns
• Possessive pronouns
• Reciprocal pronouns
• Reflexive pronouns
• Glossary of
grammatical terms

98. WHAT ARE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS?
PART 8

99. What Are Reflexive Pronouns?
• The reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself,
herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,
and themselves.
• These words can be either reflexive pronouns
or emphatic pronouns.
• This presentation is about their use as
reflexive pronouns.

101. Reflexive Pronouns
A reflexive pronoun is used with another noun
(or pronoun) when something does something
to itself. For example:
• John pinched himself.
(The reflexive pronoun himself tells us that John did
something to John.)
Contrast the example above with this:
• John pinched his sister.
(There is no reflexive pronoun in this example.)

102. What are Reflexive Pronouns?

103. Reflexive Pronoun Examples
Using a reflexive pronoun means you do not have to
repeat the subject (shown here in bold). (Repeating
the subject would be clumsy.)
• Alison still does not trust herself. (Alison does
not trust Alison.)
• The members argued amongst themselves for
an hour. (The members argued amongst the
members.)
• We often ask ourselves why we left London. (We
often ask us.)
(Note: The subject is known as the antecedent of the reflexive
pronoun.)

104. The Number of Reflexive Pronouns

105. What can reflexive pronouns do?
Reflexive pronouns return verbs to the doer
As object of verbs, reflexive pronouns receive the action of verbs.

106. Identifying Reflexive Pronouns (1)
In most sentences, somebody does something
to someone else. For example:
• I like him.
• He spoke to her.
• She thumped him.
• The dog bit her.

107. Identifying Reflexive Pronouns (2)
However, sometimes people (or things) do
things to themselves, and this is when you can
use myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves, and themselves as
reflexive pronouns. For example:
• I like myself.
• He spoke to himself.
• She thumped herself.
• The dog bit itself.

108. What can reflexive pronouns do?
Reflexive pronouns return verbs to the doer
As object of verbs, eflexive pronouns receive the action of verbs.

109. Reflexive Pronouns: Real Examples
• I often quote myself. It adds spice to my
conversation.
• We forfeit three-fourths of ourselves in order to
be like other people. (Arthur Schopenhauer,
1788-1860)
• If the world should blow itself up, the last audible
voice would be that of an expert saying it can't be
done. (Peter Ustinov, 1921-2004)
• If history repeats itself, and the unexpected
always happens, how incapable must man be of
learning from experience. (George Bernard Shaw,
1856-1950)

110. WHAT ARE EMPHATIC PRONOUNS?
PART 8A

111. What Are Emphatic Pronouns?
The intensive pronouns (also called emphatic
pronouns) are:
• myself
• yourself
• herself
• himself
• itself
• ourselves
• yourselves
• themselves

112. Intensive (or Emphatic) Pronouns
An intensive pronoun (or emphatic pronoun)
refers back to another noun or pronoun in the
sentence to emphasize it (e.g., to emphasize
that it is doing the action).

113. Examples of Emphatic Pronouns
• She will do it herself.
The emphatic pronoun herself emphasizes that she will do
it. The waiter won't do it. Her husband won't do it. Her
son won't do it. SHE will do it.
• The scouts cooked these cakes
themselves.
This emphasizes that the scouts cooked the cakes, i.e., not
their mothers.
• I heard the lie myself.
This emphasizes that I heard the lie, not somebody else.

114. How to Use Emphatic Pronouns
An emphatic pronoun emphasizes by refers back
to another noun (or pronoun). For example:
• The Queen herself attended the party.
– (The Queen is the noun being emphasized. It is
called the antecedent of the emphatic pronoun.)
When used for emphasis, a word like herself is
called an emphatic pronoun.

115. Intensive (or Emphatic) Pronouns
More examples:
• John bakes all the bread himself.
The intensive pronoun himself refers back to the noun
John.
It means that John bakes all the bread by himself without
anyone’s help.
• The cat opened the door itself.
More on intensive pronouns...

116. See Also:
• Me or myself
• 'My wife and I' and 'I or me‘
• Reflexive pronouns
• Glossary of grammatical terms

117. WHAT ARE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS?
Q

118. What Are Reflexive Pronouns?
• The reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself,
herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,
and themselves.
• These words can be either reflexive pronouns
or emphatic pronouns.
• This section talks about their use as reflexive
pronouns.

119. What Are Reflexive Pronouns?
A reflexive pronoun is used with another noun
(or pronoun) when something does something
to itself. For example:
• John pinched himself.
– The reflexive pronoun himself tells us that John
did something to John.
• John pinched his sister.
– There is no reflexive pronoun in this example.

120. Examples of Reflexive Pronouns
Using a reflexive pronoun means you do not have to
repeat the subject (shown here in bold). (Repeating
the subject would be clumsy.)
• Alison still does not trust herself.
– Alison does not trust Alison.
• The members argued amongst themselves for an
hour.
– The members argued amongst the members.
• We often ask ourselves why we left London.
– We often ask us.
(Note: The subject is known as the antecedent of
the reflexive pronoun.)

121. Identifying Reflexive Pronouns
In most sentences, somebody does something
to someone else. For example:
• I like him.
• He spoke to her.
• She thumped him.
• The dog bit her.

122. Identifying Reflexive Pronouns
However, sometimes people (or things) do
things to themselves, and this is when you can
use myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves, and themselves as
reflexive pronouns. For example:
• I like myself.
• He spoke to himself.
• She thumped herself.
• The dog bit itself.

123. Reflexive Pronouns: Real Examples
• I often quote myself. It adds spice to my
conversation.
• We forfeit three-fourths of ourselves in order to
be like other people. (Arthur Schopenhauer,
1788-1860)
• If the world should blow itself up, the last
audible voice would be that of an expert saying
it can't be done. (Peter Ustinov, 1921-2004)

124. Reflexive Pronouns: Real Examples
• If history repeats itself, and the unexpected
always happens, how incapable must man be of
learning from experience. (George Bernard
Shaw, 1856-1950)
• The ability to delude yourself may be an
important survival tool. (Jane Wagner)

125. See Also
• What is an emphatic
pronoun?
• What is an antecedent?
• Me or myself
• What are pronouns?
• The different types of
pronouns
• Demonstrative
pronouns
• Indefinite pronouns
• Interrogative pronouns
• Personal pronouns
• Possessive pronouns
• Reciprocal pronouns
• Relative pronouns
• Glossary of
grammatical terms

126. REVIEW: ALL PRONOUNS
PART 10

128. Personal Pronouns: Subjective,
Objective, Possessive

129. Personal Pronouns & Possessive Adjectives

130. Personal Pronouns: Number

131. Number of Pronouns

132. Personal Pronouns: Complete List

133. COMMON ERRORS
PART 11

137. Subject-Verb Agreement: Rule 1

141. Subject-Verb Agreement: Rule 2

142. Understanding Subject Verb Agreement

143. Learn More
http://www.slideshare.net/lenherlenher123456/rules-on-subject-verb-agreement

144. PERSONAL PRONOUNS & THE VERB “TO
BE”
PART 12

145. How to Conjugate “Be”

150. Test Yourself, Teach Yourself
• Quiz on Subject-Verb Agreement
• Subject-Verb Agreement | Grammar Rules
• Subject-Verb Agreement - Quick and Dirty
Tips
• Grammar and Punctuation: Subject-Verb
Agreement
• Free printable guide
• Indefinite Pronouns Test

151. What Are Pronouns?
A COMPLETE REVIEW FOR
INDEPENDENT LEARNERS
END OF PRESENTATION. THANK YOU.
mr.jaime.aiu@gmail.com