Planning for Village development

PLANNING FOR
VILLAGE
DEVELOPMENT
Jit Kumar Gupta
Former Director College of Architecture
IET Bhaddal
Jit.kumar1944@gmail.com

TYPOLOGIES OF
HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS

Hierarchy/structure of human
settlements

POPULATION
DISTRIBUTION-
INDIA

Population Scenario- India-2011
• Population of India reached
• 250 million in 1919
• 500 million in 1966 (47 yrs. Later)
• 1000 million in 2000 ( 34 yrs. Later)
• 1027 million in 2001 (1yr Later)
• 1210 million in 2011 (10 yrs. Later)
• Last century recoded 5 fold increase in
population
• 2050- Indian population --1800 million with
50% living in Urban India.
• Urban India- 377 million(31.1%)- 2011 (7935
towns)
• Rural India (2011) -- 833 m ( 68.9%) ---
• 6,40, 867 villages

Population Distribution- India-2011
Urban Pop. Distribution(2011)377 m (31.1 %)-
7935 towns/cities
-Mega Cities with Pop > 10m - 4% of total pop
- Cities with Population 5-10m- 3%
- Cities with Population 1-5m- 6%
- Cities with Population 0.1-1m- 9%
- Cities with Population < 0.1 m- 9%
** Rural Pop Distribution(2011) 833 m ( 68.9%) -------
6,40, 867 villages
---- Very large (>10k), large villages(>5k)-17%
-- Medium villages (2-5 k)— 24%
--- Small villages (1-2000) — 17%
------Hamlets (5 00-1000) — 8%
---- Small Hamlets(<5 00)— 3%
• If every 3rd Indian lives in cities/towns
• 2 out of 3Indian lives in villages.
• Every 6th Indian lives in large villages
• 6 out of 10 ruralites live in large and medium villages.

Village Planning- Gaps between Urban& Rural

RURAL INDIA-
ROLE AND
IMPORTANCE-

Rural India- Role and Importance
• Villages critical to India’s growth
• House majority of Indian population -69%
• Despite fall in share of population-shall continue to
provide residence in future to large population- more
than 50% by 2050
• India has large number of Villages(6.4lakh) vs 0.08 lakh
towns/cities
• Have low order of population density
• Provider of food/day to day/basic needs of human
living
• Mainstay of industry and national economy
• Large contributor to Indian GDP

PROBLEMS- RURAL
INDIA
--SWOT ANALYSIS

Rural India
India second largest global rural system after China with
-- 6,40,867 villages, holding 68.9% of 1.21 billion population --2011
Census
-- providing basic essentials for human survival ;
-- making fair contribution to national economy,
-- sustaining large chunk of employment;
--holding large reservoir of manpower and
--providing raw material for industries.
Villages to dominate Indian scenario-- in terms of population,
food and promoting industry using agricultural produce as basic
input.
Rural areas fast losing to urban counterpart due to
--improved agricultural technology,
-- ever changing industrial technology and
--desire to improve the economic status,.
Majority of urban problems have genesis in neglect of rural
areas
Rural-Urban migration constitute-- more than 21% of the urban
population growth in India (Census2011).
Growth of slums in Urban India has roots in rural

Problems- Rural India
• Large population-69%
• High degree of Poverty ( 60% rural India lives on Rs 35 per day)
• Poor health, poor quality of life
• Low level of literacy
• Low level of gainful employment, high unemployment/disguised unemployment
• Inadequate level of basic infrastructure /services /amenities- water supply, sanitation,
drainage, power, SWM
• Agriculture largely rainfed-
• low level of irrigation facilities
• Poor quality of housing
• Haphazard and unplanned development
• Low level of Healthcare and Educational facilities
• Poor quality of environment, poor sanitation
• Poor accessibility to village/ urban market
• High degree of in-debtedness
• Low order of industry, lack of resources, low priority for development
• Small and non-rumnerative land holding

Opportunities
• Rich natural resources
• Good Physical attributes
• Cultural strength
• Provider of food/basic human needs
• Provider of raw material for industries
• Large population base
• Sustainer of economy
Weakness
• Lack of infrastructure/services
• Poor accessibility
• Lower order of literacy
• Poor educational facilities
• Poor healthcare facilities
• .High dependence on agriculture
• Poor housing
• Poor quality of life
• Areas of perpetual neglect
• Poor capacity to plan/ develop
• Poor financial health
• High degree of poverty
Strength
Threats
Neglect of rural areas will lead to
-chaos, unemployment,
-poverty, poor health, lower quality of life, --
development paralysis, ---haphazard/unplanned
urban development,
---large scale migration, global warming
-, neglect of agriculture, food scarcity, decline of
industrial productivity,
-loss of large rural market, growth of slums
•To make India economically vibrant
•To eradicate poverty
•To make growth of urban centres rational
•To provide gainful employment for all
•To promote economical/cost-effective development
•To improve accessibility between urban and rural
areas
•To promote high degree of operational efficiency
between urban and rural settlements
•To minimise global warming and climate change

VILLAGE PLANNING-
NEED
&
OBJECTIVES

Need for Village Planning
Villages have:
• Potential of providing simple/healthy/cost-effective living
• Leveraging national Economy
• Potential for providing gainful employment to more than
2/3rd work force
• Eradicating poverty- 365 million
• Providing quality of life to majority of Indians at minimal cost
• Promoting planned development in India
• Minimizing migration to urban areas
• Controlling unregulated population growth in urban areas
• Minimizing slums/houselessness in urban sector
• Taking care of majority of urban ills which have genesis in
rural neglect
• Reducing Global Warming- Climate Change

Need for Village Planning
• Critical for scripting growth and development of India
• In the words of Mahatma Gandhi- father of nation-
‘ India lives in villages . India will prosper if villages
prosper, India will perish if villages perish”.
• Former President- Dr Kalam- gave the concept of PURA-
( Providing urban amenities in Rural areas)-to make
villages usherer of a new era of India regeneration
• Villages , accordingly need to be planned, developed
and managed in a holistic manner to ensure
appropriate quality of life, employment and basic
amenities of human living

Village Planning- Objectives
Village Planning shall revolve around--:
• Providing shelter for all
• Providing employment for all-- appropriate and productive
• Providing Assured decent standard of living.
• Providing basic amenities/facilities
• Making villages a “financial hub”-- to attract resources for development
• Improving accessibility --Providing easier, faster and cheaper access to urban
markets– for securing remunerative price of agricultural produce/ marketable
commodities produced
• Economic empowerment
• Social empowerment -- engaging all sections of the community in the task of
village development
• Creating / sustaining a culture of co-operative living/working for inclusive and
rapid development.
• Improving village environment/ Ecology
• Promoting Planned Development
• Making Village self-reliant , self-sustaining in energy/resources etc
• Preventing distress migration from rural to urban areas
• Promoting integrated urban –rural growth

. Village Plan should essentially focus on:
-- Promoting planned/orderly development based on local climate/culture
-- Making Village sufficient in all day to day basic needs of human living
--Providing appropriate quality of life
-- Creating opportunities for gainful employment/economic growth
-- Promoting community living / togetherness/ co-operative /community farming
-- Providing housing for all –adequately lighted/ventilated
--Providing basic amenities of clean water, sanitation, drainage, solid waste
management
--All weather accessibility through Metalled approach roads/ internal streets
-- Adequate open spaces, play areas
-- creating common spaces-- Community buildings including healthcare/ education ,
janjghar, Panchayat ghar etc
--Providing E- Sampark kendra, vocational /learning centre
--Space for village/cottage /agro based industries, shops etc for day to day
needs/agro products/dairy farming
--Promoting pedestrianisation
--Adopting self help approach
--Prohibiting all low lying areas for construction, using them for open spaces/parks
--Using green energy from solar/gobar for promoting clean environment, water and
energy self-sufficiency– Asset maintenance and management

Ruralisation
Considering large number, India must prioritize rural development for :
-- reducing migration ,
-- rationalizing urbanization and
-- reducing global warming.
Villages planned as self-sufficient , sustainable and independent
economic entities to be provided with:
-- potable water supply,
--sanitation,
-- shelter for all and
-- healthcare and education infrastructure
-- Promoting industries for value addition to agricultural
-- connecting villages with formal marketing system
- promoting Skill development for employment
--improving quality of manpower.
-- paving internal roads with drainage.
-- Houses to have good air, light and ventilation.
--Separating Animals from human living , creating milk co-operatives for
generating resources and employment.
-All activities managed through a co-operative system . ------generate
electricity through renewable sources
Such an approach would make villages and ruralisation an effective tool
in mitigating global warming

Key Elements of Smart Village Planning

METHODOLGY FOR
VILLAGE
PLANNING

Methodology for village Planning
Methodology adopted for village planning will have to be different
from urban planning.
- in approach
- intent
and content
-Village planning has to be based
-on local initiative
- consultative/ participatory mechanism
using simple/direct technique,
involving all stakeholders.
-USING LOCAL RESOURCES
-- Planning has to be
-time bound,
-quick
- simple
—involving local people

i. Holding Exploratory meeting with Panchayat for:
-- briefing about the project ,
-- Defining aim & objectives,
-- scope,
-- value addition to village,
-- planning & development, process
-- methodology to be followed
-- for implementation and
--consent for going ahead with the project.
Ii. Approval in principle of approach from Panchayat

•Methodology for village Planning
Iii. Calling meeting of Gram Sabha involving all residents for:
-- explaining the project,
-- its benefits,
-- role of residents,
-- understanding the problems,
--identifying needs and priorities
--understanding their vision,
-- promoting participatory mechanism,
-- sourcing suggestions and
obtaining approval of the residents.
iv. Creating a Think Tank comprising --elders, NGO, Panchayat
for aiding/advising about plan preparation and
implementation.
---Carrying out a SWOT Analysis

v. Carrying out a;
-- socio-economic, demographic survey
-- asking for priorities of development/infrastructure/
skill up-gradation/ improving opportunities for
employment .
Vi Creating a physical map of the village defining --
-- location/conditions of houses
--, community buildings,
-- public buildings
--sewerage, roads,
---storm/waste water drainage, network
-- street lights(if any) etc

vii. Preparing inventory of:
-- problems,
--deficiency in infrastructure,
---amenities,
-- additional facilities needed etc
- existing employment opportunities
viii. Making projections/forecast for next
10 years for population, need for housing,
employment, skill up-gradation and other
infrastructure, services etc

ix Preparing Draft Master/Development Plan of
Village based on:
-- studies made
-- analysis carried out,
--vision and priorities defined ,
-- problems identified,
--Understanding needs/ requirements of village
-projections made for
-- development / amenities / services/employment
and
--rough estimates / cost of development.

x. Sharing the Draft Master/ Development Plan with:
-- Think Tank and
-- Panchayat
-- for approval in principal
for placing before the Gram Sabha.

xi. Presentation made to village residents explaining
-- scope ,
--salient features,
-- development works to be undertaken,
-- prioritization ,
-cost of development,
-- funding of the project ,
--sharing the cost,
-- involvement of the residents for
-- observations/ suggestions/ approval .

xii. Development works to comprise of following s--
*Water Supply
*Sewerage
* streets
*Drainage
* Street Lighting
toilets in houses/ community latrines
* Water Bodies
*Landscaping of open spaces
*Plantation of Trees
*Construction of Panchayat Ghar/ Community Centre
*Providing dispensary for Human beings and animals
*School &Library
*Vocational Centre/ Anganwari/ adult education centre
*Krishi Vigyan Kendra ---for sale of essential agricultural inputs, seeds, latest
information about prices of agricultural produce, new options for diversification,
weather forecast and innovations in agriculture,
* Setting up Co-operative Bank &
E-Samparak Kendra

xiii. Village development Plan shall essentially be
taken up as a joint venture of all :
-- stakeholders involving residents,
-- Panchayat,
--Think Tank,
-- NGOs,
--state/ local rural development agencies,
-- Panchayat officials ,
--corporate agencies etc
-- for formulation / implementation of Master Plan -
-Plan is reviewed periodically to meet emerging
village demand

Methodology for Financing
xv. Funding of development works to be through:
--Grant- in- aid by state,
--funds made available by Panchayat , MPLAD
-- funds available under different state/ local level
rural development schemes,
-- contribution by villagers ,
-- donations from individuals,
- Funds from Self- Help Groups
-Individual Donations/contributions
-- international agencies
-- corporate sector under Corporate Social
responsibility scheme etc

HUDCO APPROACH
TO
VILLAGE PLANNING

HUDCO--Concept of Model Village
Plan
HUDCO suggested following approach for planning a
model village –
-- adopting a convergence approach
--Integrated development
--good housing,
-- sustainable technology,
-- site specific functional planning,
-- user friendly and innovative designing
-- integrating supportive inputs including::
a. A simple, inexpensive and aesthetically pleasing
layout --with socio-cultural living habits of the
settlements respecting geo-climatic context
52

b. Using locally available building materials and
cost effective substitutes for scarce building
material
c. Adopting “aided self-help” to ensure active
participation of the prospective allottees/ associations
in construction and development of dwelling units.
d. Physical planning to focus on conserving land
keeping in view environmental requirements.
e. Site to be made approachable and suitably
developed to avoid water logging/flooding.
f Community facilitator-- school and health centers,
community center, Panchayat ghar and similar
facilities provided to develop a wholesome
community living,
Contd…
53

METHODOLGY FOR
VILLAGE PLANNING-
FOR
DIFFERENTLY PLACED
VILLAGES

Strategy for Different Villages
• However, different planning, development strategies would be
required for planning differently situated Villages
• Urban Villages- made integral part of urban planning and
development strategies with well defined planning
norms/standards- creating tourism potential
• Urbanisable Villages- Villages provided with all urban facilities
for easier future integration with urban areas- through well
defined norms/ planned development-
• Rural Villages—To be developed as villages with basic
amenities/infrastructure/ employment through producing day
to day goods needed for urban living- vegetables, dairy
products, fruits/ vegetables etc

Village Planning-
Khera Dona
Model Village Plan

Different stages of developing Model
Village Plan
 Defining Objectives
 Plan Preparation
 Resources Mobilization
 Implementation & Execution
 Monitoring and Evaluation
 Ensuring sustainability
59

Objective
Development of the village as a distinct entity equipped with
all basic/essential facilities to ensure quality of life even to
poorest of poor of residents, through the provision of --
- Safe drinking water
- Sanitation (underground sewage system along with
treatment plant)
- Medical Facilities
- Pavement of streets
- Street lighting
- Ponds
- Park/greenbelt
- Information Technology and Computer education
60

Preparation of the Plan
For preparation of plan, following methodology adopted to
conceptualize the objectives and prepare work plan for the
project.
1. Visiting the Village--Several visits made to
Village for interaction with community leaders i.e. the
sarpanch, panchayat members, village elders, school
teachers and opinion makers to gain first hand
information about the following aspects:
a. Demographic, socio-economic and cultural profile of
population of the village
b. The general topography and terrain of the area
c. The basic amenities available in/around the village
d. The problems and priorities of the village
61

2. Visiting well developed villages-- well developed
modern villages i.e Palahi near Phagwara and
Begowal near Doraha visited / studied to acquire first
hand knowledge about methodology adopted in
scripting success story of development of villages.
3. Detailed physical map -- village Khera Dona
physical plan was prepared with the help of trained
staff for identifying the critical areas in the village.--
to plan different facilities and workout their cost.
4. A pilot socio-economic survey of the village
conducted with the help of the preliminary project
schedule. 62

5. Based on pilot survey- final project schedule
prepared along with a set of questionnaires for
conducting door to door socio-economic survey of all
the households in the village and the surrounding farm
houses of the village. Data about following indicators
collected.
– Demographic, Socio-economic and cultural
characteristics of the village
– Demographic, Socio-economic and cultural
characteristics of immigrant villagers of Khera
Dona
Contd…..
63

– Status of basic amenities and facilities
a) Sanitation;
b) Drinking water;
c) Medical facilities
– Educational facilities
– Power, Energy and Bio-gas Plants
– Housing facilities
– Provision for community hall/leisure hall and other
facilities
– Social forestry
– Sustainability of the created facilities /assets
64
Contd…..

6. The relevant data collected collated, analysed and
evaluated vis-à-vis the socio-economic profile/amenities
available to the migrants and permanent village residents
keeping in mind the caste divide among the rural population.
7. Based on data analysis -- existing problems in terms of
infrastructure, service amenities and facilities were assessed,
identified and quantified.
8. Help of experts from different fields was sought-- to evolve
innovative approach to overcome the problems identified
above.
9. A preliminary cost estimate of providing various amenities
and facilities in the village was worked out and a final budget
estimate was prepared in the light of all the inputs gathered.
65

Critical requirements for the Implementation of
the Plan
1. Finances
a) from internal sources
b) from external sources
c) other sources
2. Execution Machinery and Trained Manpower
3. Socially Recognized organization by the village community
i.e. Village Panchayat/Village Vikas Committee
4. Government machinery
66

Sustainability
Sustainability of the created assets
considered crucial.
For this -- need of financial resources as
well as required manpower was
suggested
Reserved corpus fund for
maintenance/replacement was suggested
67

Departments Contacted
– Punjab Raj Planning Board and ESO
– Town and Country Planning Department, Punjab
– Rural Development and Panchayats
– Panjab University, Chandigarh
– Punjabi University, Patiala
– Punjab water supply and sewerage board
– PWD (B&R), Punjab
– Public Health Department, Punjab
– Forest Department, Punjab
– Punjab Energy Development Agency
– District Revenue Department, Kapurthala
– District Administration, Kapurthala
– Municipal Corporation, Ludhiana
– Libraries
– developed villages and experts
68

Success Story- Punsari Village-Gujrat

AFFORESTATION – INTEGRAL PART OF
VILLAGE PLANNING

Preserve /Develop Water Bodies

Regional Planning
Most efficient cities in world adopted Regional perspective for :
---Integrating growth of urban and rural settlements
-- minimising migration
--Making urban development more rational and sustainable
--promoting co-operation and collaboration;
- minimizing local competition and conflicts,
- infrastructure optimization between neighboring cities/rural
settlements,
-- preventing disasters,
-- promoting and protecting regional ecology and bio-diversity,
-- providing recreational activities
-- overcoming confusion over role / responsibilities of various
agencies.
-- achieving integration and decentralized planning-- enshrined in
Indian constitution
• Regional Planning optimizes regional resources by--
-- promoting synergies between rural and urban areas
-- connecting through a well defined settlement hierarchy
-- using developmental potential of each settlement
-- making them more sustainable
--with least consumption of resources and energy.

Shyama Prasad
Mukherji Rurban
Mission
(SPMRM), 2015

Ruralisation
Indian Cities can never be sustainable / slum free,
-- unless village development put on a fast track.
Rural settlements hold key to nation’s development
because of:
-- their small size;
--less population;
--compact development;
-- lower transportation needs;
-- lower energy and resource consumption.
-- living with nature,
-- using natural resources
Need for development of villages by
-- creating synergies between urban and rural settlements
-- connecting villages with adjoining urban settlements
-- developing large villages as growth centres with urban
amenities adopting a cluster approach
--urban villages to be planned and developed as integral
part of /cities, where they are located.

• NATIONAL RURBAN MISSION( NRuM) for development of
villages is based on Cluster Approach-- launched in
September 2015. Mission aims at
•-- Strengthening rural areas
• by provisioning of economic, social and physical
infrastructure facilities.
•Mission calls for identifying potential Rural Clusters
having - potential for growth, economic drivers , locational
and competitive advantages.
300 rural growth clusters to be taken up for development.
• ‘Rurban cluster’, would :
•--a cluster of geographically contiguous villages
•--with a population of about 25000 to 50000 in plain and
coastal areas and
• population of 5000 to 15000 in desert, hilly or tribal areas
•-falling in a single administrative unit

NATIONAL RURBAN MISSION
( NRuM)--Vision
"Development of a cluster of villages that
-- preserve and nurture
essence of rural community life
--with focus on equity and inclusiveness
-- without compromising with the
facilities
-- perceived to be essentially urban
in nature.

( NRuM)– Objectives—
i Stimulate local economic
development
Ii Enhance basic services,
iii. Create well planned
Rurban clusters

( NRuM)-- Outcomes
i. Bridging the rural-urban divide-
economic, technological facilities and
services.
ii. Stimulating local economic
development ---with focus on
reduction of poverty / unemployment
iii. Spreading development in region.
iv. Attracting investment in rural areas.

NATIONAL RURBAN MISSION( NRuM)
Mission defines fourteen desirable components for Rurban cluster:
(i) Skill development training linked to economic activities
(ii) Agro Processing, Agri -Services, Storage and Warehousing.
(iii) Fully equipped mobile health unit.
(iv) Upgrading school/higher education facilities.
(v) Sanitation
(vi) Provision of piped water supply.
(vii) Solid and liquid waste management.
(viii) Village streets and drains.
(ix) Street lights
(x) Inter- village road connectivity.
(xi) Public transport. (xii) LPG
(xiii) Digital Literacy.
(xiv) Citizen Service Centres- for electronic delivery of citizen
centric services/egram connectivity.
Agriculture and allied activities would be given special emphasis
while developing these clusters

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